Sharma K, Mogensen KM, Robinson MK. Pathophysiology of critical illness and role of nutrition. Nutr Clin Pr. 2019;34:12–22.
Lew CCH, Yandell R, Fraser RJL, Chua AP, Chong MFF, Miller M. Association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes in the intensive care unit: a systematic review [formula: see text]. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2017;41:744–58.
Zaragoza-García I, Arias-Rivera S, Frade-Mera MJ, Martí JD, Gallart E, San José-Arribas A, et al. Enteral nutrition management in critically ill adult patients and its relationship with intensive care unit-acquired muscle weakness: a national cohort study. PLoS One. 2023;18:e0286598.
Pilotto S, Agustoni F, Morelli AM, Lobascio F, Cereda E, Bironzo P, et al. Nutritional support in lung cancer: Time to combine immunonutrition with immunotherapy?. Nutrition. 2022;98:111637.
Mirhosiny M, Arab M, Shahrbabaki PM. How do physicians and nurses differ in their perceived barriers to effective enteral nutrition in the intensive care unit?. Acute Crit Care. 2021;36:342–50.
Ma M, Zheng Z, Zeng Z, Li J, Ye X, Kang W. Perioperative enteral immunonutrition support for the immune function and intestinal mucosal barrier in gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy: a prospective randomised controlled study. Nutrients. 2023;15.
Reintam Blaser A, Starkopf J, Alhazzani W, Berger MM, Casaer MP, Deane AM, et al. Early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:380–98.
Alsharif DJ, Alsharif FJ, Aljuraiban GS, Abulmeaty MMA. Effect of supplemental parenteral nutrition versus enteral nutrition alone on clinical outcomes in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients. 2020;12.
Chittawatanarat K, Pokawinpudisnun P, Polbhakdee Y. Mixed fibers diet in surgical ICU septic patients. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19:458–64.
Li X, Yang Y, Ma ZF, Gao S, Ning Y, Zhao L, et al. Enteral combined with parenteral nutrition improves clinical outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25:530–6.
Reintam Blaser A, Deane AM, Preiser JC, Arabi YM, Jakob SM. Enteral feeding intolerance: updates in definitions and pathophysiology. Nutr Clin Pr. 2021;36:40–49.
Cadena AJ, Habib S, Rincon F, Dobak S. The benefits of parenteral nutrition (PN) versus enteral nutrition (EN) among adult critically ill patients: What is the evidence? A literature review. J Intensive Care Med. 2020;35:615–26.
Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:777–84.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. Bmj. 2009;339:b2700.
You SB, Ulrich CM. Ethical considerations in evaluating discharge readiness from the intensive care unit. Nurs Ethics. 2023:9697330231212338.
Alsamman MA, Alsamman S, Moustafa A, Khan MS, Steinbrunner J, Koselka H. Critical care utilization in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis, stroke, and gastrointestinal bleed: two hospitals experience. Cureus. 2019;11:e4698.
Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25:603–5.
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj. 2019;366:l4898.
Lin L, Zhang J, Hodges JS, Chu H. Performing arm-based network meta-analysis in R with the pcnetmeta Package. J Stat Softw. 2017;80.
Xu C, Niu Y, Wu J, Gu H, Zhang C. Software and package applicating for network meta-analysis: A usage-based comparative study. J Evid Based Med. 2018;11:176–83.
Bhatnagar N, Lakshmi PV, Jeyashree K. Multiple treatment and indirect treatment comparisons: An overview of network meta-analysis. Perspect Clin Res. 2014;5:154–8.
Su YX, Tu YK. Statistical approaches to adjusting weights for dependent arms in network meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2018;9:431–40.
Spineli LM. An empirical comparison of Bayesian modelling strategies for missing binary outcome data in network meta-analysis. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019;19:86.
Veroniki AA, Straus SE, Fyraridis A, Tricco AC. The rank-heat plot is a novel way to present the results from a network meta-analysis including multiple outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;76:193–9.
Levinson M, Bryce A. Enteral feeding, gastric colonisation and diarrhoea in the critically ill patient: is there a relationship?. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1993;21:85–88.
Eyer SD, Micon LT, Konstantinides FN, Edlund DA, Rooney KA, Luxenberg MG, et al. Early enteral feeding does not attenuate metabolic response after blunt trauma. J Trauma. 1993;34:639–43. discussion 643-634.
Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU, Goldstein RM, Jennings LW, Mor E, et al. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 1995;19:437–43.
Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA, Brown RO, Lowrey TS, Pritchard FE, et al. A randomised trial of isonitrogenous enteral diets after severe trauma. An immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg. 1996;224:531–40. discussion 540-533.
Watters JM, Kirkpatrick SM, Norris SB, Shamji FM, Wells GA. Immediate postoperative enteral feeding results in impaired respiratory mechanics and decreased mobility. Ann Surg. 1997;226:369–77.
Minard G, Kudsk KA, Melton S, Patton JH, Tolley EA. Early versus delayed feeding with an immune-enhancing diet in patients with severe head injuries. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2000;24:145–9.
Pupelis G, Selga G, Austrums E, Kaminski A. Jejunal feeding, even when instituted late, improves outcomes in patients with severe pancreatitis and peritonitis. Nutrition. 2001;17:91–94.
Bertolini G, Iapichino G, Radrizzani D, Facchini R, Simini B, Bruzzone P, et al. Early enteral immunonutrition in patients with severe sepsis: results of an interim analysis of a randomised multicentre clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:834–40.
Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, Morrison T, Sibbald WJ. Multicentre, cluster-randomised clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). Cmaj. 2004;170:197–204.
Klek S, Kulig J, Sierzega M, Szybinski P, Szczepanek K, Kubisz A, et al. The impact of immunostimulating nutrition on infectious complications after upper gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, randomised, clinical trial. Ann Surg. 2008;248:212–20.
Moses V, Mahendri NV, John G, Peter JV, Ganesh A. Early hypocaloric enteral nutritional supplementation in acute organophosphate poisoning-a prospective randomised trial. Clin Toxicol (Philos). 2009;47:419–24.
Wu XM, Ji KQ, Wang HY, Li GF, Zang B, Chen WM. Total enteral nutrition in prevention of pancreatic necrotic infection in severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2010;39:248–51.
Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S, Zingg W, Darmon P, Costanza MC, et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2013;381:385–93.
Sanghvi KP, Joshi P, Nabi F, Kabra N. Feasibility of exclusive enteral feeds from birth in VLBW infants >1200 g-an RCT. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102:e299–304.
Harvey SE, Parrott F, Harrison DA, Bear DE, Segaran E, Beale R, et al. Trial of the route of early nutritional support in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1673–84.
de Betue CT, van Steenselen WN, Hulst JM, Olieman JF, Augustus M, Mohd Din SH, et al. Achieving energy goals at day 4 after admission in critically ill children; predictive for outcome?. Clin Nutr. 2015;34:115–22.
Fan M, Wang Q, Fang W, Jiang Y, Li L, Sun P, et al. Early enteral combined with parenteral nutrition treatment for severe traumatic brain injury: effects on immune function, nutritional status and outcomes. Chin Med Sci J. 2016;31:213–20.
Mazaherpur S, Khatony A, Abdi A, Pasdar Y, Najafi F. The Effect of Continuous Enteral Nutrition on Nutrition Indices, Compared to the Intermittent and Combination Enteral Nutrition in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:Jc01–jc05.
Wu W, Zhong M, Zhu DM, Song JQ, Huang JF, Wang Q, et al. Effect of early full-calorie nutrition support following esophagectomy: a randomised controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enter Nutr. 2017;41:1146–54.
Reignier J, Boisramé-Helms J, Brisard L, Lascarrou JB, Ait Hssain A, Anguel N, et al. Enteral versus parenteral early nutrition in ventilated adults with shock: a randomised, controlled, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group study (NUTRIREA-2). Lancet. 2018;391:133–43.
Yang S, Guo J, Ni Q, Chen J, Guo X, Xue G, et al. Enteral nutrition improves clinical outcome and reduces costs of acute mesenteric ischaemia after recanalisation in the intensive care unit. Clin Nutr. 2019;38:398–406.
Srinivasan V, Hasbani NR, Mehta NM, Irving SY, Kandil SB, Allen HC, et al. Early enteral nutrition is associated with improved clinical outcomes in critically ill children: a secondary analysis of nutrition support in the heart and lung failure-paediatric insulin titration trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21:213–21.
Lou JQ, Li Q, Cui QW, Zhang P, Sun H, Tang H, et al. A prospective randomised controlled study on the curative effects of enteral immunonutrition support therapy in adult burn patients at nutritional risk. Chin J Burns. 2022;38:722–34.
Yang XJ, Wang XH, Yang MY, Ren HY, Chen H, Zhang XY, et al. Exploring choices of early nutritional support for patients with sepsis based on changes in intestinal microecology. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29:2034–49.
Rao YK, Saxena R, Midha T, Rao N, Saxena V. Clinical outcome of enteral nutrition versus IV fluids in newborns on inotropes: a randomised study. J Clin Neonatol. 2020;9:261–5.
Collins N. The difference between albumin and prealbumin. Adv Ski Wound Care. 2001;14:235–6.
Moon SJ, Ko RE, Park CM, Suh GY, Hwang J, Chung CR. The effectiveness of early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes in critically ill sepsis patients: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2023;15.
Ünal Aslan KS. Examining the nutrition, oral mucositis, and gastrointestinal system symptoms of intensive care units patients receiving enteral and parenteral nutrition. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2023;34:813–21.
Lopez-Delgado JC, Grau-Carmona T, Mor-Marco E, Bordeje-Laguna ML, Portugal-Rodriguez E, Lorencio-Cardenas C, et al. Parenteral nutrition: current use, complications, and nutrition delivery in critically ill patients. Nutrients. 2023;15.
Zhong M, Qiu Y, Pan T, Wang R, Gao Y, Wang X, et al. Improving enteral nutrition tolerance and protein intake maybe beneficial to intensive care unit patients. Sci Rep. 2023;13:21614.
Martens PJ, Gysemans C, Verstuyf A, Mathieu AC. Vitamin D’s effect on immune function. Nutrients. 2020;12.
Palesty JA, Dudrick SJ. Cachexia, malnutrition, the refeeding syndrome, and lessons from Goldilocks. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91:653–73.
Zou B, Xi F, Yu W. Early parenteral nutrition comparing to enteral nutrition cannot reduce 28-day mortality in critically ill patients: a retrospective comparative cohort study based on the MIMIC‑IV database. Ann Transl Med. 2023;11:77.
Yu K, Guo N, Zhang D, Xia Y, Meng Y, Weng L, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of enteral nutrition intolerance in intensive care unit patients: a retrospective study. Chin Med J. 2022;135:1814–20.
Sharma SK, Rani R, Thakur K. Effect of early versus delayed parenteral nutrition on the health outcomes of critically ill adults: a systematic review. J Crit Care Med. 2021;7:160–9.
