A new AI-based method reconstructs spatial information about where immune cells were originally located in an organ, even after these cells have been removed from the tissue and analyzed individually. To accomplish this, Researchers at the University Hospital Bonn (UKB) and the University of Bonn use the transcriptome, i.e., the entirety of all messenger RNA transcripts produced by genes within a cell at a given time. The work has now been published in the journal Advanced Science and introduces the new MERLIN algorithm.
How do immune cells change and contribute to diseases in organs? Single-cell RNA sequencing technology has revolutionized immunological research, by revealing which genes are active in individual immune cells. “However, when cells are isolated, information about which part of an organ the cells originated from is inevitably lost. In highly structured organs such as the kidney or brain, this spatial information is crucial for understanding health and disease,” says Prof. Christian Kurts, Director of the Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology at the UKB. He is a member of the ImmunoSensation3 Cluster of Excellence and the Transdisciplinary Research Area (TRA) “Life & Health” at the University of Bonn.
MERLIN makes the memory of immune cells accessible
We discovered that macrophages carry a molecular memory of their local environment. Even after isolation, their gene activity still reflects which area of the kidney or brain they originate from. MERLIN makes this information accessible again.”
Junping Yin, first author of the study
MERLIN was developed at the intersection of immunology, nephrology, and bioinformatics. The algorithm uses machine learning to recognize characteristic patterns in gene activity that are influenced by local tissue conditions such as oxygen deficiency or salt concentration.
“From a bioinformatics perspective, it was crucial that MERLIN be trained on multiple independent datasets,” says Jian Li, senior author and bioinformatician. “This allows the system to learn real biological signals. It can then be applied to completely new or previously published datasets.”
The researchers were able to show that MERLIN not only works in mouse models, but also correctly predicts the spatial origin of macrophages – large specialized white blood cells – in human kidney samples. In addition, the approach was transferred to the brain, where the positions of microglia, the brain’s immune cells, were successfully reconstructed.
MERLIN provides new insights into kidney disease
The application to kidney disease is particularly relevant. By analyzing previously published data sets on inflammation, sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring after transplantation, and diabetic nephropathy, MERLIN confirmed known disease mechanisms and provided new insights into region-specific immune responses and therapeutic effects. “This is a major advance for nephrology,” emphasizes senior author Christian Kurts. “We see that immune responses and drug effects depend heavily on the specific region of the kidney, as we know from patient care.”
The study was conducted at the UKB in the context of the ImmunoSensation3 Cluster of Excellence and TRA “Life & Health” at the University of Bonn, which promote interdisciplinary research on the immune system. It also highlights the close international and national collaboration with researchers in Wuhan (China), at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, and at LMU Munich.
“MERLIN opens up a new dimension in single-cell research,” summarizes Junping Yin. “We can re-evaluate existing data sets and gain a much more precise understanding of disease mechanisms.”
Source:
University Hospital of Bonn (UKB)
Journal reference:
Yin, J., et al. (2026) Predicting Macrophage Spatial Localization from Single-Cell Transcriptomes to Uncover Disease Mechanisms. Advanced Science. DOI: 10.1002/advs.202410924. https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/advs.202410924
