A large analysis found that over half of individuals with type 2 diabetes have deficiencies in key vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12.
The meta-analysis of 132 studies, including over 52,500 adults with type 2 diabetes, found that more than half had deficiencies in key vitamins and minerals. Vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 were the most commonly lacking, and the problem was even more pronounced among people taking metformin, a widely used diabetes medication.
Vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin B12 are vital for overall health. Vitamin D supports strong bones, immune function, and brain health. Without it, bones weaken, and immunity suffers. Magnesium helps muscles and nerves work properly, regulates heart rhythm, and supports energy production.
Vitamin B12 is essential for healthy red blood cells, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. Deficiencies in these nutrients can lead to fatigue, weak bones, nerve problems, and poor immunity, making adequate intake especially important for people with type 2 diabetes.
Missing essential nutrients
The research published in BMJ Nutrition, Prevention shows that many people with type 2 diabetes are missing essential nutrients, highlighting an often-overlooked aspect of diabetes management.
“These deficiencies aren’t just a side issue; they can affect overall health and how the body responds to diabetes treatment,” according to research.
The studies included in the review covered adults of various ethnicities, all of whom were 18 or older, and came from countries around the world.
Researchers looked at the bloodwork of the people who took part in the study to see how common these deficiencies are in people with type 2 diabetes.
The studies spanned from 1998 to 2023, providing both historical and current insight into the issue.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar. The body still makes insulin, but it doesn’t work efficiently, a problem called insulin resistance.
When people with type 2 diabetes lack key nutrients like vitamin D, magnesium, or vitamin B12, it can worsen their health.
Vitamin D deficiency affects bones, immunity, and blood sugar control. Low magnesium can increase the risk of heart problems, nerve issues, and poor blood sugar regulation. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause nerve damage, fatigue, and anaemia, making diabetic complications more likely.
Multiple micronutrient deficiencies
Key findings from the analysis revealed that over 45 per cent of people with type 2 diabetes had multiple micronutrient deficiencies.
Around 40 per cent of participants with diabetic complications had a deficiency in one or more nutrients, with women being more susceptible than men.
Vitamin D deficiency was the most widespread, affecting more than 60 per cent of participants.
Magnesium deficiency was present in roughly 42 per cent of cases, while vitamin B12 deficiency was identified in nearly 29 per cent of people taking metformin.
The study also highlighted a challenge for researchers: it remains unclear whether these deficiencies contribute to the development of diabetes or result from the condition itself.
“Regardless of the cause, maintaining a balanced diet rich in essential nutrients is critical,” experts say.
Although the link between nutrient levels and diabetes onset isn’t fully understood, the correlation is strong enough to raise concerns for those living with the disease.
Nutrient-rich foods
To address these deficiencies, experts recommend the inclusion of various nutrient-rich foods in the diet.
Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products like meat, fish, and dairy, though fortified cereals, plant-based milks, and nutritional yeast provide plant-based options.
Vitamin D is produced by the body when exposed to sunlight, but factors like seasonal changes, clothing, and limited outdoor activity can reduce production.
Egg yolks, fatty fish, cod liver oil, and fortified dairy or plant-based foods can all help raise levels.
Magnesium is present in many foods, including nuts, seeds, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Even small additions, like a handful of dark chocolate with nuts, can contribute beneficially.
For many people, completely overhauling a diet at once may feel overwhelming. Experts recommend starting small. Swap one sugary drink a day for water or sparkling water with fruit slices.
Replace one fast-food meal each week with a homemade, nutrient-rich option. Gradually making these swaps can lead to long-term improvements in nutrient intake and overall health.
Blood tests
Regular consultation with healthcare professionals can also make a difference. Blood tests can reveal specific deficiencies, and registered dietitians can help design individualised meal plans that meet nutrient needs while fitting into daily routines.
“Small steps now will lead to big changes in the long run,” experts advise, highlighting the importance of consistent dietary improvements rather than short-term fixes.
Ultimately, the study highlights that managing type 2 diabetes is about more than controlling blood sugar.
Essential micronutrients
Ensuring adequate intake of essential micronutrients, such as vitamin D and B12, magnesium, and others, can support overall health, improve treatment outcomes, and potentially reduce the risk of complications.
By focusing on both medication and nutrition, people with diabetes can take a more holistic approach to their care, protecting not just their blood sugar but their long-term well-being.
The findings suggest that managing diabetes should go beyond controlling blood sugar to include attention to nutrition and maintaining a balanced diet.
In Kenya, about 3 per cent of adults, roughly 813,000 people, live with diabetes, most of which is type 2.
Globally, the disease affects an estimated 537 million adults, with type 2 diabetes accounting for the vast majority. Prevalence is rising both in Kenya and worldwide, highlighting a growing public health challenge.
