Welcome to Dr. amigo Corona Virus update.
I am Shazi. Today we with Dr. Amigo will Talk about Coronavirus Vaccine Development. and How far are we to have an effective vaccine against the Covid-19 virus.
Also, we will discuss the end of this Coronavirus crisis and the effects on human life.
What should you know about Vaccines, or what is a vaccine?
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
what is the importance of a vaccine?
Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases, that led to the eradication of smallpox, one of the most contagious and deadly diseases in humans. Other diseases such as rubella, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and typhoid are nowhere near as common as they were a hundred years ago. Thanks to widespread vaccination programs.
Due to which the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections.
How does a vaccine work on the body and when is the best time for vaccination?
The immune system recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and “remembers” them. When the virulent version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the virus and thus is prepared to respond. by 1. neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and (2) recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers.
To provide the best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional “booster” shots often required to achieve “full immunity”.
Then what are the stages of vaccine development?
1. Exploratory: This research-intensive phase of the vaccine development process is designed to identify “natural or synthetic antigens that might help prevent or treat a disease.” Antigens might include weakened strains of a particular virus.
2. Pre-clinical: During this phase, researchers — usually in private industry — use tissue-culture or cell-culture systems and animal testing to determine whether the candidate vaccine will produce immunity. Many candidate vaccines don’t move on to the next stage of development because they fail to produce that immunity or prove harmful to test subjects.
3. Clinical development: At this point, a sponsor, usually a private company, submits an application for an Investigational New Drug (IND) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This summarizes findings to date and describes how the drug will be tested and created. An institution that will host the clinical trial holds a review board for approval of the application. The FDA has 30 days to approve the application. Once the proposal has been approved, the vaccine must pass three trial stages of human testing:
Phase I administers the candidate vaccine to a small group (less than 100 people) to determine whether the candidate vaccine is safe and to learn more about the responses it provokes among test subjects.
Phase II, which includes hundreds of human test subjects, aims to deliver more information about safety, immunogenicity, immunization schedule, and dose size.
Phase III, which can include thousands or tens of thousands of test subjects, continues to measure the safety (rare side effects sometimes don’t appear in smaller groups) and effectiveness of the candidate vaccine. then Regulatory review and approval: If a vaccine passes through all three phases of clinical development, the vaccine developer submits a Biologics License Application (BLA) to the FDA.
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