In this lecture, Dr Mike breaks down the essentail vitamins your body needs to stay healthy. Learn how fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K, and A) and water-soluble vitamins (C and the B group) function in the body, where they are found, and why they’re so important to overall health.
Clotting Cascade: https://youtu.be/8FTuOjO7j-s?si=NJ0javH3mZpqED1O
B vitamins: https://youtu.be/yadAyuOvlkc?si=GRk5ijyBu5NXebdE
hi every I’m Dr Mike here in this video we’re taking a look at vitamins we’re doing an overview we’re looking at all the different vitamins within the body they’re sources so where we can get them from our diet but also other means and also what their functions are within the body and what can happen if we don’t have enough let’s take a look all right so to begin we need to Define what a vitamin is a vitamin is an organic compound meaning it’s carbon based right and we require it for survival it’s essential so if we were to write down very quickly here some important points vitamins are essential for survival now you could argue well yeah so are proteins fats and carbohydrates okay another definition of a vitamin is that we need them in small quantities so we require them in small quantities now now this is quite different to the proteins fats and carbs where we need to ingest them on mass basically to produce ATP in the various building blocks of the body we need small quantities of our vitamins another important Point here is that without them we get disease so deficiency results in disease deficiency results in disease which and ultimately death can occur another important Point here is that we can notot synthesize them we cannot synthesize vitamins and that’s another important point because to some extent we can synthesize proteins fats and carbohydrates or at least some of their derivatives but we cannot for the vitamins so they’re essential we need them for survival without them we get diseases we uh need them in small quantities not large quantities and we cannot synthesize them ourselves so we’ve now defined what vitamins are let’s take a look at the different vitamins of the body so you can broadly classify vitamins into two categories you’ve got your fat soluble vitamins let’s write these ones up on this side we’ve got our fat soluble vitamins and you’ve got your water soluble vitamins now why are they called fat soluble and water soluble well probably makes a little bit of sense when you look at it the fat soluble vitamins they dissolve they mix in with fats really well so lipid based products okay now that’s important for a couple of reasons it’s important for a couple of reasons one is this it’s important because they can get absorbed with dietary fat they get absorbed with dietary fat so think about that triglycerides and cholesterol when we ingest them in the foods that we eat they all come together with the fat soluble vitamins and we can absorb them across into our bloodstream or our lymphatic system that’s important so we can absorb them on mass with our fat soluble substances from our diet the other thing is they’re stored quite well predominantly in the liver and they can be stored for relatively long periods of time each one’s quite different in regards to the length that it can be stored but generally speaking we store them longer than the water soluble and that’s important because water soluble vitamins they don’t get absorbed with the fats in our body so the water soluble vitamins need Transporters or channels for absorption and number two are not stored for very long which means you can run out of the water soluble vitamins a lot faster than you run out of the fat soluble vitamins now let’s take look at what those fat soluble vitamins are let’s start with the fat soluble so you can remember them through Deca d e k and a they’re the fat soluble vitamins the water soluble vitamins you can remember as the B vitamins so the B’s and there’s eight different B vitamins and vitamin C let’s take a look at the fat soluble vitamins first vitamin d e k and a let’s go through to them one by one what they do where they can be found dietarily or whether we can maybe uh get them from some other means so let’s start with vitamin D vitamin D all right vitamin D its active form is called Kelsey triol so its active form is called Kelsey Trail it’s actually got another name pretty Terri name which is 125 di hydroxy vitamin D3 so it can be called kelcy Trio or 125 dihydroxy vitamin D3 now how do we get Kelsey trial well we can get it in two forms we can get it as vitamin D2 or as Vitamin D3 now vitamin D2 is predominantly from our diet so if we have a look at vitamin D2 so vitamin D2 its name so it’s got another name in addition to D2 is ergo Kelsey feral Ergo Kelsey feral and we can obtain this from our diet so we can get this from fatty or oily fish and if you ever think about what some fatty or oily fish can be this this can be salmon uh tuna right mackerel for example but we can also get it from fungi and to a lesser extent we can get it from certain animal products so we can get it from egg yolks we can get it from beef liver right we can get it from cheese so these are the dietary means that we can get vitamin D2 there’s vitamin D3 right now vitamin D3 I’m just so let’s write like this vitamin D3 it has another name its other name is kly Kelsey feral right ero kelif feral kelif feral now we can obtain vitamin D3 through the same sources right but the vast majority of vitamin D3 is obtained through sunlight so we get this through sunlight specifically through UV so you know the sun emits UV radiation and there’s UVA UVB for example UVB and what this UVB does is it hits our skin and in our skin it turns cholesterol into Vitamin D3 it turns it into Vitamin D3 now what can happen here is this we still don’t have our Kelsey triol yet we’ve got Ergo Kelsey feral D2 kly Kelsey feral D3 we need to create kelcy trial which is 125 dihydroxy vitamin D3 so what happens is these two products D2 and D3 they need to jump into the bloodstream so let’s draw up the bloodstream here here’s our bloodstream they jump in and in our bloodstream we’ve now got vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 so from the bloodstream it travels to our liver right so here’s now our liver and our liver has enzymes that turn vitamin D2 and D3 into what we call 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 25 hydroxy vitamin D3 that has another name Kelsey deol right so so that’s also called Kelsey deal not Kelsey trol Kelsey deal there so the liver turn D2 and D3 into kelse DL the liver then hands it over to the kidneys and the kidneys itself right here’s the kidneys the kidneys itself has enzymes that turn the kelcy DOL into Kelsey triol which is the 125 dixy vitamin D2 mouthful Kelsey Trio now what the kidney can do with this Kelsey trial releases into the bloodstream and what does Kelsey triol do so the active form of vitamin D kelcy triol can let’s write this in a different color increase it can increase calcium and phosphate absorption and this is OB happening in the intestines so calcy Trio can increase calcium and phosphate absorption which means it can increase blood calcium levels that’s very important what else can it do it can increase bone mineralization increase so it’s very important for bone health right bone mineralization have have I spelled that correctly yeah that’s good enough and it does this by activating Osteo blasts so remember your bone is constantly being remodeled built up broken down built up broken down throughout the day right and throughout your life it’s being built up through osteoblasts think of the B osteoblast build bone and it’s broken down through osteoclasts think of the C Osteo class Crush bone calcy triol stimulates osteoblasts helping throw the calcium that we’ve just absorbed into the bloodstream into the bone increasing mineralization it can also increase Kelsey Trio can also increase renal reabsorption so it’s saying don’t pee out the calcium reabsorb that calcium back into the body so obviously vitamin D is really important for our blood calcium levels okay it also plays a role in immune function and it can help regulate or modulate immune function but the specifics of that aren’t well elucidated so these are the main functions of vitamin D and the sources that they come from let’s now take a look at the second one vitamin E so let’s get rid of this at the moment and have a look at Vitamin E vitamin E now vitamin E has another name its name is Alpha too feral Alpha too feral and Alpha too feral it can be obtained through number of important sources so one important Source here for alph feral are the uh whole grains vegetable oils seeds and nuts right so let’s write this down seeds nuts vegetable oil and whole grains whole grains so these are the places that we or the sources that we can obtain vitamin E the active form Alpha Toco feral what does it it do well does a couple of things one is it is a potent antioxidant a potent anti-oxidant specifically specifically this is important for polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation to stop I’ll write it like this poly unsaturated fatty acid oxidation and you might be sitting here looking at this guy and I don’t know what that means I don’t know what a polyunsaturated fatty acid is I don’t know what oxidation is effectively oxidation is the loss of electrons you can remember it like this Leo the loss of electrons is oxidation so all you know all the body is made up of the various atoms and elements of the periodic table and they’ve all got protons and electrons right if we take the simplest one hydrogen the first on the per table hydrogen right is simply made up of a proton and a negative electron that’s sort of flying around the outside effectively right one proton one electron if I were to steal that electron I’ve just oxidized hydrogen so the loss of electrons is oxidation now the problem with this is it makes a molecule hungry for electrons right if you steal an electron it’s not complete it’s going I need to Now find an electron somewhere and that’s a problem because it’ll just go to various tissues of the body and steal electrons so importantly what can happen is that our polyunsaturated fatty acids are very prone to being oxidized to having electrons stolen from them and I’ll tell you as briefly as I can the reason why so firstly what is a polyunsaturated fatty acid if I to just draw up a fatty acid a fatty acid effectively is a hydrocarbon chain which means there’s a whole bunch of carbons right a big carbon chain and those carbons are all bound up to the hydrogens and you can see each carbon has four bonds associated with it right look at that each carbon let’s take this one has 1 2 3 four bonds that means it’s complete with its four bonds this is what we call a fatty acid right a fatty acid particularly you’d call it a saturated fatty acid because all the carbons have four separate bonds saturated fatty acids These are nice linear fatty acids now if we want to make a fatty acid saturated we need to introduce a double bond into the mix so for example if I were to put a double bond here there’s now an uneven amount now there’s five bonds right 1 2 3 4 five for this carbon we can’t do that so we need to get rid of a hydrogen bond and the same thing would happen for this one we need to get rid of a hydrogen bond now what we’ve got is all these are saturated but this is what we call unsaturated this is an unsaturated fatty acid now if you have a polyunsaturated there’s just more of these double bonds right so let’s make this a little bit longer and have a look right so let’s just say we’ve got that and let’s put a uh able D another double bond here and then we’ll finish it here right so what are we going to have we’re going to have this one’s going to have hydrogen here this one’s going to have hydrogen here and then it’s all filled up because each one now has four bonds this is what we call a polyunsaturated fatty acid now what I haven’t shown you because they’re the that’s where it’s unsaturated these double bonds put kinks in the fatty acid it makes it puts it at an angle and the importance of this means that at room temperature right if it’s linear they these fatty acids stack on top of each other and they become solid at room temperature but if you’ve got these saturations in it or unsaturation sorry and you now become polyunsaturated they got kinks in it they don’t stack on top of each other very well and it remains a liquid at room temperature so polyunsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature right think about vegetable oil that’s a polyunsaturated fat olive oil polyunsaturated fat now why I’m telling you all this is because when you’ve got a double bond put in the electron cloud right that sits around molecules becomes unstable well not unstable what it does is that the electron Bond here between the hydrogen and the carbon the it starts to sort of pull away the electron field right and here it happens as well where the double bonds are it disrupts the electron field and that means that the carbon and this hydrogen bond here becomes weak and unstable which is perfect for when we have certain molecules that come along that want to steal the electron for example from that hydrogen now these are called free radicals now free radicals an important free radical for example is hydroxy now hydroxy is a free radical that’s produced through uh the electron transport chain it’s produced through other forms of metab ISM through UV radiation whole range so the body’s always producing free radicals so to a degree they’re normal right now if I’ve put a dot here that means it’s hungry for an electron and what it does is it searches through the body and finds polyunsaturated fatty acids and sees this unstable hydrogen and decides to steal the hydrogen so if I were to draw up this whole thing here like this that whole lipid molecule right I’m going to write as R and then the unstable hydrogen I’m going to write like that so when this comes across this polyunsaturated fat what does it produce it steals the hydrogen which comes with an electron right and so it now becomes stable CU I said it’s hungry for an electron to become stable so that hydral free radical has now become water stable but what has this thing now become well it has now become if I move out the road a little bit an unstable lipid this is now a lipid radical uhoh what’s this lipid radical do well this lipid radical will come across oxygen so we know we’ve got a lot of oxygen in the body so it comes across oxygen and what does it produce it produces a o o ooh it’s still a radical it’s now a what we call a lipid peroxy radical a lipid peroxy radical it’s still going it still wants to steal electrons now this is going to come across other unsaturated polyunsaturated fats and it’s going to try and steal the hydrogen from it now if this steals the hydrogen right from an RH so let’s say we’ve got a nice RH here and it comes across it what’s it going to do so we got the RH here comes across it’s going to steal the hydrogen right to become whole again ah it’s all good now so instead of being a lipid proxil radical it is now stabilized and what has It produced what do you think it’s now produced it’s now produced another of these radicals another radical so the offshoot is another radical now that what do you think is going to happen it’s going to get oxygen again and it’s going to steal more hydrogen so the whole process starts over and over and over again and what this is called as lipid peroxidation so lipid peroxidation happens over and over and over again and you get this chain of events where all the polyon if you if you have too many free radicals the polyon saturated acids just become oxidized that damages obviously the fats which make up membranes of the body and a whole range of things so what do we do well we have Alpha too feral that comes along now what Alpha too feral does let’s draw this in Red so here’s Alpha tocoferol and it has thankfully a spare hydrogen and it says to this lipid peroxy radical no don’t come and steal the hydrogen from our normal you know polyunsaturated fat I’m going to give it to you so it gives that hydrogen producing the satisfied free Radical by bypassing making more uh free radicals from polyunsaturated fats but what is end up remaining from this is the TOC aeral is now a radical but the thing is vitamin E Alpha toop feral is far more stable is far more St than the lipid proxil radical is far more stable than other radicals so it can steal that and not be damaging and not want to go steal electrons from others I’m going to talk about later exactly what happens here as well because vitamin C is involved in this process so that’s vitamin E let’s now talk about vitamin K so vitamin K is really important it’s got two major types so you’ve got K1 which is called Pho quinone and you’ve got K2 which is called Mena quinone so you may have seen the V vitamin K as being referred to as the Quinones right the active Quinones now what does well where do we get vitamin K first of all so vitamin K 1 vitamin K2 vitamin K1 we obtain from our diet and you can get it from leafy greens you can get it from cabbage you can get it from things like so leafy greens cabbage cauliflower so these are some of the major contributors to where we can obtain our vitamin K1 from now vitamin K2 we get vitamin K2 it’s actually synthesized by our gut Flora by our gut Flora vitamin K2 so we don’t obtain vitamin K2 predominantly from our diet we get it from our gut Flora making it so in our intestin so what does vitamin K do so does a couple of different things firstly Vitamin K is really important for clotting now how does it do this process so if you have for example so if you’ve got a uh blood vessel and let’s say this blood vessel is damaged right the last thing you want is to bleed out last thing you want is for blood to leave lose blood volume lose important products not a great thing so we need to block this up now we know there’s What’s called the clotting Cascade but we also know a couple of things happen before the clotting Cascade or immediately before the clotting Cascade kicks in you have vascular spasm so the blood vessel constricts or contracts right you have platelets aggregating to the site right which sort of forms a plug and then you have the clotting factors which are made from the liver coming along now there’s a whole range of clotting factors if you want to watch a video on the clotting Cascade I’ve done that I’ll put the link in the description below or Google Dr Mike clotting Cascade effectively the clotting factors so the clotting factors are made by the liver most of which are made by the liver and they need to come along and trigger a Cascade of events that cause ultimately fibron which are uh U strands to mesh up this area basically forming a net a mesh to block any excess bleeding that’s what we call the clotting Cascade resulting coagulation how does this happen and what does vitamin K do so you’re going to have effectively collagen fibers exposed when you damage a blood vessel and collagen fibers are negatively charged now platelets which are coming past because we’ve got platelets in our bloodstream they’re going to start to stick to these um collagen fibers cuz one they’re negatively charged two they’re sticky right so we have platelets accumulating sticking to this area now to help the process cuz platelets are also negatively charged we’ve got something called Von willbrand Factor that’s released by the damaged epithelia and by the platelets and they help tether them together the negative and neg the negative collagen negative platelets you think they would repel but the Von willbrand Factor hold them together it’s like a tether right that’s great so now we’re forming a plug but now we’ve got clotting factors coming past now the problem here is clotting factors are made out of proteins right CF they are proteins and we know proteins are negatively charged and the problem is negatively charged things won’t bind to negatively charged things so these clotting factors are at risk of just moving past and not clotting the area so what we need is two important things we need Vitamin K and calcium now What vitamin k does What vitamin k does is it oxalates the clotting factors so it adds basically carbon dioxide right carox the clotting factors now if you carboxilate the clotting factors C Nega C Nega Co you’re making it more negatively charged and you might be thinking wait that’s silly I don’t want it negatively charged I want it positively charged vitamin K carox it making it more negatively charged so that the positive calcium can bind to it and act like Von Willer brand factor in a way does and tether it to that site so if all the important cloting factors are carboxilate calcium in the bloodstream allow them to all accumulate here and the Cascade the clotting Cascade can occur where they all trigger each other to ultimately form fibron and it blocks up so effectively vitamin K through carboxy allows for calcium to bind and if calcium can bind it tethers it up and cl can occur if you don’t have vitamin K you don’t get these clotting factors becoming charged enough and it won’t bind to the calcium and it won’t bind to the site of damage right so that’s important that’s what one reason why we need Vitamin K for clotting the second reason why we need Vitamin K is important here as well is that sometimes people are at risk of accumulating calcium plaques in their blood vessels so calcium can actually accumulate in the blood vessel and that can form plaes which obviously lead to atherosclerosis heart disease heart damage and so forth What vitamin K can do is it in addition to carox and clotting factors it can carboxilate these proteins within the Matrix right and so let’s just say that is this important protein it the epithelia here the calcium instead will bind to these Matrix proteins reducing how much calcium is in so that won’t happen you won’t or you get a reduced number of calcium being stuck to the walls of the blood vessel and they bind up here so that it reduces that risk so it allows for the vascularization or the blood vessels to reduce any calcium plaques that can occur or or calcium uh deposits uring all right so that’s vitamin K so we’ve done d e k we now need to do vitamin A so what does I’m going to leave this one up cuz I need this for vitamin C let’s do vitamin A now vitamin A is important because you can get it in two forms as well so you can get vitamin A from animal products and you can get vitamin A from plant products now the vitamin A we get from animal products can include things like uh might as well write it down egg yolk butter liver fish and so forth right the plant products you can get it from uh basically the uh plant products that have a uh yellow or reddish or orange coloration to them so think about carrots think about about pumpkin but you can also find it in your leafy greens as well now what’s the difference between these two vitamin A’s so what you end up getting here is that you can have from the animal products you get what’s called retinol let’s write it here retinol basically it’s ready to be used retinol the animal products ready to be used what we get from the plant is what we call the carotenoids often they’re called the carotenoid pigments hence why they’ve got those particular colors what we effectively need to do is if we take the carotenoids so if we take the carotenoids and send it to the liver uh sorry send it to the intestines the intestines will convert the carotenoids into retinol and what that retinol will do is that retinol will go to the liver so let’s draw the liver up that retinol will go to the liver and it can either be stored here right because it’s fat soluble so might be stored or it’s going to be bound to a carrier protein which the liver mostly produces plus a protein for carrying and then we’ll throw it into the the bloodstream and where is it going to send it to it’s going to send it to the eye so we’ve got retinol traveling to the eye now if I were to draw the eye up we’re going to have obviously you know the front of the eye with the lens and the pupil but we’re going to have the reer at the back so there’s going to be a number of layers at the back now we need room for that optic nerve to travel down but here we’ve got the retina at the back and there’s a couple of different layers first now I’m not going to go through the specifics of the layers but importantly this layer that we’re referring to First this is an epithelial layer right and so the retinol gets sent first to the epithelial layer so this is epithelia of the retina epithelia of retina and what the epithelia of the retina does is it turns if if I can spell it correctly retinol into 11 CIS retinal right retinol into 11 Cy retinal then what happens is you now have an area that has rods and cones so you’ve got an area that’s got all these rods and you got an area that’s got all these cones they’re really important for vision for sensing light and for transducing light signals through the optic nerve now this El cyst retinol predominantly gets sent to the rods and what happens is at the rods what happens is at the rods it can turn the 11 Cy retinol by binding it with something called opsin which is a light sensitive protein to form ropson and this ropson can go into both rods and cones and it’s waiting for light to come in through the eye and hit the rods and cones when it hits the rods and cones it activates ropson so when light comes in when light comes in it activates the ropson and basically turns that ropson into well it the opsin comes off it then forms trans CIS retinal and that needs to be turned back into CIS 11 Cy retinal to be transported and this whole process of light hitting it activating the ropson through a process that’s probably more complex than I can understand it then sends it transduces a signal via the rods and cones to the optic nerve that then goes to the brain and allows for you to make sense of the light that you’ve seen right so obviously vitamin A really important in this process really important so Vision probably the biggest function now that’s the uh fat soluble vitamins vitamin d e k and a let’s now take a look at the water soluble vitamins vitamin B the B vitamins and vitamin C so if we were to have a look now importantly this is this is important the B vitamins right there are about eight of them and I’m not going to go through them and the reason why is because I’ve done a whole video on the B vitamins so that’s going to be in the description below I talk about their function and exactly where they’re located but what I’m going to say here about the B vitamins is that all eight can be obtained through both animal and plant sources animal and plant not or animal and plant sources so obviously this is going to be you know um meat which includes fish it’s going to be eggs milk cheese but also you can get it through you know leafy greens and other various vegetable products so a balanced diet that includes animal and plant material will obtain the B vitamins however one important caveat here is vitamin B12 B2 vitamin B12 can only be found from animal sources so there are no plant sources for B12 so that needs to be obtained through meat eggs milk cheese things like that so for those who are vegetarians or vegans they may at some point become deficient in B12 without a supplement so what do they do what do the B vitamins do like I said watch the video for the specifics but they involved in metabolism so energy metabolism energy metabolism so think about things like glycolysis CB cycle now CB cycle is important because all roads lead to crabs so you know you can have fatty acids jumping into crabs you can have GL glucose jumping into KBS through pyruvate and so forth you can have amino acids jumping into KBS but it’s also reversible to a degree right and those amino acids from the CB cycle can turn into neurotransmitters so also B vitamins are important for neurotransmitter production and a whole range of other things watch that video to get the specifics it’s too much for this video now let’s finish off with vitamin C what does vitamin C do let’s get rid of this first thing where do we get vitamin C vitamin C has another name ascorbic acid ascorbic acid and it can be found in fruits predominantly particularly citrus fruits right youve probably heard of scurvy before which can happen if you don’t have enough uh vitamin C damages the collagen so obviously a function of vitamin C’s appropriate collagen synthesis that’s part of connective tissue and Pirates used to get scurvy so it was you know a pirate disease or more specifically disease of people who just did not eat their fruits cuz on Long uh ship voyages there weren’t fresh fruit and then they discovered well let’s bring some limes and lemons and also fermented products like GES for example can produce vitamin C and that helped to prevent them from getting scurvy so particularly citrus fruits but also fermented vegetables can produce it as well what does vitamin C do all right vitamin C two important functions one is collagen synthesis let’s talk about that one first collagen synthesis what is collagen connective tissue you know that your body’s made up of of four major tissue types epithelial tissue nervous tissue muscular tissue but EP uh but also connective tissue which binds wraps and holds structures of the body together really important uh part of connective tissue is collagen which are proteins that make things strong but also flexible as well when you eat meat and you get that white gristly bit that’s collagen okay very tough proteinaceous material so we need it for normal body production but the thing is before we can make collagen we have something called procollagen and I said to you collagen is made up is a protein so it’s made up of amino acids it’s got Proline and lysine amino acids associated with it and importantly these Proline and lysine amino acids they need to become hydroxy before procollagen can become collagen and what do you think does that vitamin C vitamin C comes along and helps hydroxate hydroxate so hard for me to speak and write at the same time hydroxate these amino acids to turn procollagen to collagen now we’ve got mature collagen it’s fine without it you don’t get mature collagen all right the second thing that vitamin c does is again it’s it’s a potent antioxidant now when else did I say that I’ll give you a hint over here so I said that vitamin E is a potent antioxidant when you’ve got your polyunsaturated fatty acid coming across a free radical produces water but now you’ve got a lipid radical uhoh it’s going to try and steal more hydrogens and that’s what it does it once oxygen comes along it becomes a lipid proxil radical it takes a normal fatty polyunsaturated fatty acid steals the hydrogen to become whole again and then becomes reactive and just keeps doing it luckily we’ve got Alpha to feral vitamin E which can just hand it the hydrogen so it doesn’t need to steal it from the polyunsaturated fatty acid to make it stable but it’s ultimately just more stable not completely stable so what we get is if we have Alpha tocoferol right and it turns into a more unstable version right this is obviously a reversible reaction what can happen is Vitamin C right so you got different forms of the vitamin C and what can happen is if you’ve got this form the unstable version the radical version right vitamin C which is reduced right now you might be going what the hell does that mean so I said you’ve got oxidized and reduced oxidized means it’s lost an electron this one has gained an electron and often we can do this with hydrogens right so that’s what it did there so that’s the reduced form that’s the oxidized form here’s the reduced form that’s the oxidized so what happens is Vitamin C cannot regenerate vitamin E by handing it a hydrogen right and then that becomes an oxidized version and you might be thinking we’re just passing the buck on we’re just making one thing a radical to make another thing a radical okay so what can happen well vitamin C basically can become holy again so this whole this process can become whole again through the use of glutathione right so glutathione can actually donate so I’m just going to I’m not going to do the whole thing but glutathione is important in this process and NAD plus nadh is important okay they can also help this process of regenerating vitamin C back again all right so that’s a quick run through of all the vitamins of the body and their functions I hope that helped hi Ron Dr Mike here if you enjoyed this video please hit like And subscribe we’ve got hundreds of others just like this if you want to contact us please do so on social media we are on Instagram Twitter and Tik Tok at Dr Mike todorovich d m i ke to o o r o v i c speak to you soon
