Ichihashi, M. et al. Uv-induced skin damage. Toxicology 189(1–2), 21–39 (2003).
Abd El-Halim, A., Saad, E., Altoum, F., & Mahmoud, R. (2025). Nanotechnology in the fight against antimicrobial resistance: Mechanisms, innovations, and future directions. Spectrum Science Journal, 2(1), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.21608/sasj.2025.465439
Helfrich, Y. R., Sachs, D. L. & Voorhees, J. J. Overview of skin aging and photoaging. Dermatol. Nurs., 20(3). (2008).
Bernstein, E. F. & Uitto, J. The effect of photodamage on dermal extracellular matrix. Clin. Dermatol. 14 (2), 143–151 (1996).
Brar, G. et al. A comprehensive review of the role of UV radiation in photoaging processes between different types of skin. Cureus 17 (3), e81109 (2025).
Altoom, N. (2025). Terpene scaffolds as allosteric inhibitors of PTP1B: An integrated docking, MD, and MM/PBSA study. Spectrum Science Journal, 2(2), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.21608/sasj.2025.431167.1010
Zhang, Y. Study of the efficacy of a new topical skin formulation rich in antioxidants in patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. (2024).
Masaki, H. Role of antioxidants in the skin: Anti-aging effects. J. Dermatol. Sci. 58(2), 85–90 (2010).
Khalid, A., Iqbal, Z. & Yousaf, Z. Role of vitamin C in skin aging mechanism-a narrative review. J. Health Rehabil. Res. 4(2), 1489–1494 (2024).
Humbert, P. et al. Vitamin c, aged skin, skin health, in Vitamin C-an Update on Current Uses and Functions. IntechOpen. (2018).
Diane, J. M. M. & Burgess, J. Vitamin E nanoemulsions characterization and analysis. Int. J. Pharm. 465 (1–2), 455–463 (2014).
Pegoraro, N. S. et al. Nanoencapsulation of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E acetate protects against UVB radiation-induced skin injury in mice. Colloids Surf., B. 150, 32–40 (2017).
Katouzian, I. & Jafari, S. M. Nano-encapsulation as a promising approach for targeted delivery and controlled release of vitamins. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 53, 34–48 (2016).
Morteza, S. K. et al. Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of ketoconazole-loaded niosome (ketosome) for drug delivery to cutaneous candidiasis. (2023).
Saeedi, M. et al. Controlling atorvastatin release from liquisolid systems. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 43 (3), 375–384 (2022).
Rahimnia, S. M. et al. Green preparation, characterization, wound healing assessment, and histopathological evaluation of vitamin A encapsulated in niosome and solid lipid nanoparticle. (2024).
Rezanejad Gatabi, Z. et al. Vitamin K (Menadione)-incorporated chitosan/alginate hydrogel as a novel product for periorbital hyperpigmentation. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 35 (7), 967–988 (2024).
Fu, C. P. et al. Hyaluronic acid-based nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Polymers 15 (10), 2317 (2023).
Tanha, A. et al. A green-based approach for noninvasive skin rejuvenation: Potential application of hyaluronic acid. Environ. Res. 234, 116467 (2023).
Subramanian, P. Lipid-based nanocarrier system for the effective delivery of nutraceuticals. Molecules 26 (18), 5510 (2021).
Zewail, M. et al. Melatonin hyalurosomes as a powerful antioxidant for combating skin damage induced by UV radiation.. J. Liposome Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/08982104.2025.2484732 (2025).
Herouy, Y. Matrix metalloproteinases in skin pathology. Int. J. Mol. Med. 7 (1), 3–15 (2001).
Manca, M. L. et al. Development of curcumin loaded sodium hyaluronate immobilized vesicles (hyalurosomes) and their potential on skin inflammation and wound restoring. Biomaterials 71, 100–109 (2015).
Elsheikh, M. A. et al. Dual-effects of caffeinated hyalurosomes as a nano-cosmeceutical gel counteracting UV-induced skin ageing. Int. J. Pharmaceutics: X. 5, 100170 (2023).
Bravo, B. et al. Benefits of topical hyaluronic acid for skin quality and signs of skin aging: From literature review to clinical evidence. Dermatol. Ther. 35 (12), e15903 (2022).
Badran, M., Shalaby, K. & Al-Omrani, A. Influence of the flexible liposomes on the skin deposition of a hydrophilic model drug, carboxyfluorescein: dependency on their composition. Sci. World J. 2012 (1), 134876 (2012).
Rangarajan, M. & Zatz, J. L. Effect of formulation on the topical delivery of alpha-tocopherol. J. Cosmet. Sci. 54 (2), 161–174 (2003).
Cichewicz, A. et al. Cutaneous delivery of α-tocopherol and lipoic acid using microemulsions: influence of composition and charge. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 65 (6), 817–826 (2013).
Zanchetta, C., Scandolera, A. & Reynaud, R. Hyaluronic acid in topical applications: The various forms and biological effects of a hero molecule in the cosmetics industry. Biomolecules 15(12), 1656 (2025).
Gaafar, P. M. et al. L-carnosine-loaded hya-ascorposomes attenuate UVB-induced skin photoaging: Formulation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation.. Int. J. Pharm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125895 (2025).
Elmowafy, M. Skin penetration/permeation success determinants of nanocarriers: Pursuit of a perfect formulation. Colloids Surf., B. 203, 111748 (2021).
Zewail, M. et al. Combined photodynamic therapy and hollow microneedle approach for effective non-invasive delivery of hypericin for the management of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. J. Drug Target. 32 (8), 941–952 (2024).
Abbas, H., El-Deeb, N. M. & Zewail, M. PLA-coated Imwitor® 900 K-based herbal colloidal carriers as novel candidates for the intra-articular treatment of arthritis.. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 26(6), 682–692 (2021).
Makled, S. et al. Melatonin hyalurosomes in collagen thermosensitive gel as a potential repurposing approach for rheumatoid arthritis management via the intra-articular route.. Int. J. Pharm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124449 (2024).
Elhalmoushy, P. M. et al. Novel berberine-loaded hyalurosomes as a promising nanodermatological treatment for vitiligo: Biochemical, biological and gene expression studies. Int. J. Pharm. 615, 121523 (2022).
Manca, M. L. et al. Potential therapeutic effect of curcumin loaded hyalurosomes against inflammatory and oxidative processes involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: The use of fibroblast-like synovial cells cultured in synovial fluid. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 136, 84–92 (2019).
Teixeira, M. et al. D-α-tocopherol nanoemulsions: Size properties, rheological behavior, surface tension, osmolarity and cytotoxicity. Saudi Pharm. J. 25 (2), 231–235 (2017).
Elnaggar, Y. S. et al. Development and appraisal of luteolin-loaded nanohyaluosomes as a sustainable tissue engineering nanotherapy for treatment of periodontitis: Biochemical and biological investigations. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107957 (2026).
Ryu, T. K. et al. The antiaging effects of a product containing collagen and ascorbic acid: In vitro, ex vivo, and pre-post intervention clinical trial. Plos one. 17 (12), e0277188 (2022).
Lukić, M., Pantelić, I. & Savić, S. D. Towards optimal ph of the skin and topical formulations: From the current state of the art to tailored products. Cosmetics 8 (3), 69 (2021).
Maleki, A., Kjøniksen, A. L. & Nyström, B. Effect of pH on the behavior of hyaluronic acid in dilute and semidilute aqueous solutions. in Macromolecular symposia. Wiley Online Library. (2008).
Quintero, C., Vera, R. & Perez, L. D. α-Tocopherol loaded thermosensitive polymer nanoparticles: Preparation, in vitro release and antioxidant properties. Polímeros 26, 304–312 (2016).
Hu, T. et al. Development and characterization of vitamin C-vitamin E co-loaded microcapsules: Storage stability, antioxidant activity and in vitro release properties. Food Chemistry: X 29, 102650 (2025).
Do, N. M. et al. Macerated Boesenbergia pandurata extract protects skin against UVB-induced aging: a preclinical randomized controlled trial. Biomedical Res. Therapy. 10 (4), 5654–5665 (2023).
Mackenzie, L. & Frain-Bell, W. The construction and development of a grating monochromator and its application to the study of the reaction of the skin to light. Br. J. Dermatol. 89 (3), 251–264 (1973).
Kamel, R., Abbas, H. & Fayez, A. Diosmin/essential oil combination for dermal photo-protection using a lipoid colloidal carrier. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B. 170, 49–57 (2017).
Krol, E., Kramer-Stickland, K. A. & Liebler, D. C. Photoprotective actions of topically applied vitamin E. Drug Metab. Rev. 32 (3–4), 413–420 (2000).
Kawar, D. & Abdelkader, H. Hyaluronic acid gel-core liposomes (hyaluosomes) enhance skin permeation of ketoprofen. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 24 (8), 947–953 (2019).
Elwan, A. H. et al. Fisetin topical delivery via ascorbyl palmitate/hyaluronan-enhanced limosomes: A novel paradigm for preventing UVB-induced skin photoaging. J. Drug Target. just-accepted, p1–40 (2025).
Gendrisch, F. et al. Luteolin as a modulator of skin aging and inflammation. Biofactors 47 (2), 170–180 (2021).
Abbas, H., Kamel, R. & El-Sayed, N. Dermal anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of Compritol ATO-based Resveratrol colloidal carriers prepared using mixed surfactants. Int. J. Pharm. 541 (1–2), 37–47 (2018).
Bruner, S. D., Norman, D. P. & Verdine, G. L. Structural basis for recognition and repair of the endogenous mutagen 8-oxoguanine in DNA. nature 403 (6772), 859–866 (2000).
Vicentini, F. T. et al. Quercetin inhibits UV irradiation-induced inflammatory cytokine production in primary human keratinocytes by suppressing NF-κB pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 61 (3), 162–168 (2011).
Rizvi, S. et al. The role of vitamin E in human health and some diseases. Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J. 14 (2), e157 (2014).
Ungurianu, A. et al. Vitamin E beyond its antioxidant label. Antioxidants 10 (5), 634 (2021).
Ibuki, F. K. et al. Effect of vitamin C and E on oxidative stress and antioxidant system in the salivary glands of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Arch. Oral Biol. 116, 104765 (2020).
Lee, M. J. et al. Extracellular superoxide dismutase prevents skin aging by promoting collagen production through the activation of AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 cascades. J. Invest. Dermatology. 141 (10), 2344–2353 (2021). e7.
Appleton, S. L. et al. Cyclodextrins as anti-inflammatory agents: Basis, drugs and perspectives. Biomolecules https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091384 (2021).
Abdallah, H. M. et al. Taif rose oil ameliorates UVB-induced oxidative damage and skin photoaging in rats via modulation of MAPK and MMP signaling pathways. ACS Omega 8(37), 33943–33954 (2023).
Ganceviciene, R. et al. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermatoendocrinol. 4(3), 308–319 (2012).
Tsukahara, K. et al. Inhibition of ultraviolet-B‐induced wrinkle formation by an elastase‐inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase‐associated wrinkles. Int. J. Dermatol. 45 (4), 460–468 (2006).
Imokawa, G. Epithelial–mesenchymal interaction mechanisms leading to the over-expression of neprilysin are involved in the UVB‐induced formation of wrinkles in the skin. Exp. Dermatol. 25, 2–13 (2016).
Kim, S. R. et al. Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active garlic components and the inhibition of MMPs via NF-κB signaling. PLoS One 8(9), e73877 (2013).
Wei, M. et al. Role of reactive oxygen species in ultraviolet-induced photodamage of the skin. Cell Div. 19 (1), 1 (2024).
Han, S. H. et al. Anti-photoaging effect of hydrolysates from pacific whiting skin via MAPK/AP-1, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, and Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway in UVB-induced human dermal fibroblasts. Mar. Drugs. 20 (5), 308 (2022).
Chen, X., Yang, C. & Jiang, G. Research progress on skin photoaging and oxidative stress. Adv. Dermatol. Allergol./Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. 38(6), 931–936 (2021).
Lampen, P. et al. Penetration studies of vitamin E acetate applied from cosmetic formulations to the stratum corneum of an in vitro model using quantification by tape stripping, UV spectroscopy, and HPLC. J. Cosmet. Sci. 54 (2), 119–131 (2003).
Kokabi, M. & Ebrahimi, S. N. Polyphenol enriched extract of pomegranate peel; A novel precursor for the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and application in sunscreens. Pharm. Sci. 27(1), 102–110 (2020).
Zewail, M. et al. Novel Siprulina platensis Bilosomes for Combating UVB Induced Skin Damage. Pharmaceuticals 16 (1), 36 (2023).
Underwood, W. & Anthony, R. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. Retrieved March. 2013 (30), 2020–2021 (2020).
Bancroft, J. D. Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques: Expert Consult: Online and Print, 7e.
Culling, C. F. A. Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques: including museum techniques (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013).