Letai A, de The H. Conventional chemotherapy: millions of cures, unresolved therapeutic index. Nat Rev Cancer. 2025;25:209–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00778-4.
Ge M, Chen XY, Huang P, Fleishman JS, Yang DH, Wu ZX, et al. Understanding and overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-025-01059-1.
Awada G, Cascone T, van der Heijden MS, Blank CU, Kok M, Chalabi M. The rapidly evolving paradigm of neoadjuvant immunotherapy across cancer types. Nat Cancer. 2025;6:967–87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-025-00990-7.
Wang F, Jin Y, Wang M, Luo H-Y, Fang W-J, Wang Y-N, et al. Combined anti-PD-1, HDAC inhibitor and anti-VEGF for MSS/pMMR colorectal cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2024;30:1035–43. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-02813-1.
Bergers G, Fendt S-M. The metabolism of cancer cells during metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21:162–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-020-00320-2.
Ju HQ, Lin JF, Tian T, Xie D, Xu RH. NADPH homeostasis in cancer: functions, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:231 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00326-0.
Zhang YY, Han Y, Li WN, Xu RH, Ju HQ. Tumor iron homeostasis and immune regulation. Trends Pharm Sci. 2024;45:145–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2023.12.003.
Husain A, Chiu YT, Sze KM, Ho DW, Tsui YM, Suarez EMS, et al. Ephrin-A3/EphA2 axis regulates cellular metabolic plasticity to enhance cancer stemness in hypoxic hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2022;77:383–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.02.018.
Liu H, Du J, Chao S, Li S, Cai H, Zhang H, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer cell to acquire stem cell-like features by manipulating lipid droplet-mediated numb degradation. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2105222. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105222.
Chen F, Li H, Wang Y, Tang X, Lin K, Li Q, et al. CHD1 loss reprograms SREBP2-driven cholesterol synthesis to fuel androgen-responsive growth and castration resistance in SPOP-mutated prostate tumors. Nat Cancer. 2025;6:854–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-025-00952-z.
Qiu Y, Wang X, Sun Y, Jin T, Tang R, Zhou X, et al. ACSL4-mediated membrane phospholipid remodeling induces integrin β1 activation to facilitate triple-negative breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 2024;84:1856–71. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-23-2491.
Wang Y, Hu M, Cao J, Wang F, Han JR, Wu TW, et al. ACSL4 and polyunsaturated lipids support metastatic extravasation and colonization. Cell. 2025;188:412–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.047.
Lee H, Horbath A, Kondiparthi L, Meena JK, Lei G, Dasgupta S, et al. Cell cycle arrest induces lipid droplet formation and confers ferroptosis resistance. Nat Commun. 2024;15:79. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44412-7.
Cheng X, Geng F, Pan M, Wu X, Zhong Y, Wang C, et al. Targeting DGAT1 ameliorates glioblastoma by increasing fat catabolism and oxidative stress. Cell Metab. 2020;32:229–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.002.
Povero D, Chen Y, Johnson SM, McMahon CE, Pan M, Bao H, et al. HILPDA promotes NASH-driven HCC development by restraining intracellular fatty acid flux in hypoxia. J Hepatol. 2023;79:378–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.041.
Conroy MJ, Andrews RM, Andrews S, Cockayne L, Dennis EA, Fahy E, et al. LIPID MAPS: update to databases and tools for the lipidomics community. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024;52:D1677–D82. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkad896.
Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown HA, Glass CK, Merrill AH, Murphy RC, et al. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J Lipid Res. 2005;46:839–61. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.e400004-jlr200.
Wong CC, Wu J-L, Ji F, Kang W, Bian X, Chen H, et al. The cholesterol uptake regulator PCSK9 promotes and is a therapeutic target in APC/KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31663-z.
Thomas D, Wu M, Nakauchi Y, Zheng M, Thompson-Peach CAL, Lim K, et al. Dysregulated lipid synthesis by oncogenic IDH1 mutation is a targetable synthetic lethal vulnerability. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:496–515. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0218.
Kumagai S, Togashi Y, Sakai C, Kawazoe A, Kawazu M, Ueno T, et al. An oncogenic alteration creates a microenvironment that promotes tumor progression by conferring a metabolic advantage to regulatory T cells. Immunity. 2020;53:187–203.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.06.016.
Zhou W, Liu H, Yuan Z, Zundell J, Towers M, Lin J, et al. Targeting the mevalonate pathway suppresses ARID1A-inactivated cancers by promoting pyroptosis. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:740–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.002.
Liu H, Jing L, Li Y, Zhou J, Cui X, Li S, et al. Lipid droplet-organized MDM2-mediated P53 degradation: a metabolic switch governing diet-driven tumor progression. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e03473. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202503473.
Ferraro GB, Ali A, Luengo A, Kodack DP, Deik A, Abbott KL, et al. Fatty acid synthesis is required for breast cancer brain metastasis. Nat Cancer. 2021;2:414–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-021-00183-y.
Terry AR, Nogueira V, Rho H, Ramakrishnan G, Li J, Kang S, et al. CD36 maintains lipid homeostasis via selective uptake of monounsaturated fatty acids during matrix detachment and tumor progression. Cell Metab. 2023;35:2060–76.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.09.012.
Xiang W, Lv H, Xing F, Sun X, Ma Y, Wu L, et al. Inhibition of ACLY overcomes cancer immunotherapy resistance via polyunsaturated fatty acids peroxidation and cGAS-STING activation. Sci Adv. 2023;9:2465. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi2465.
Bartolacci C, Andreani C, Vale G, Berto S, Melegari M, Crouch AC, et al. Targeting de novo lipogenesis and the lands cycle induces ferroptosis in KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Nat Commun. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31963-4.
Schwab A, Rao Z, Zhang J, Gollowitzer A, Siebenkäs K, Bindel N, et al. Zeb1 mediates EMT/plasticity-associated ferroptosis sensitivity in cancer cells by regulating lipogenic enzyme expression and phospholipid composition. Nat Cell Biol. 2024;26:1470–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01464-1.
Chen Z, Gong Y, Chen F, Lee HJ, Qian J, Zhao J, et al. Orchestrated desaturation reprogramming from stearoyl-CoA desaturase to fatty acid desaturase 2 in cancer epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Cancer Commun. 2025;45:245–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12644.
Corbet C, Bastien E, Santiago De Jesus JP, Dierge E, Martherus R, Vander Linden C, et al. TGFβ2-induced formation of lipid droplets supports acidosis-driven EMT and the metastatic spreading of cancer cells. Nat Commun. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14262-3.
Ghimire J, Collins ME, Snarski P, King AN, Ruiz E, Iftikhar R, et al. Obesity-facilitated colon cancer progression is mediated by increased diacylglycerol o-acyltransferases 1 and 2 levels. Gastroenterology. 2025;168:286–99.e6. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2024.09.011.
Wang J, Wang H, Zhou W, Luo X, Wang H, Meng Q, et al. MOGAT3-mediated DAG accumulation drives acquired resistance to anti-BRAF/anti-EGFR therapy in BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci182217.
Capece D, D’Andrea D, Begalli F, Goracci L, Tornatore L, Alexander JL, et al. Enhanced triacylglycerol catabolism by carboxylesterase 1 promotes aggressive colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 2021;131. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci137845.
Xu X, Wang J, Xu L, Li P, Jiang P. p53 suppresses lipid droplet–fueled tumorigenesis through phosphatidylcholine. J Clin Invest. 2024;134. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci171788.
Rubio-Ruiz B, Serrán-Aguilera L, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Conejo-García A. Recent advances in the design of choline kinase α inhibitors and the molecular basis of their inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2021;41:902–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21746.
Ubellacker JM, Tasdogan A, Ramesh V, Shen B, Mitchell EC, Martin-Sandoval MS, et al. Lymph protects metastasizing melanoma cells from ferroptosis. Nature. 2020;585:113–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2623-z.
Li Z, Xu Z-M, Chen W-P, Du X-J, Ou C-X, Luo Z-K, et al. Tumor-repopulating cells evade ferroptosis via PCK2-dependent phospholipid remodeling. Nat Chem Biol. 2024;20:1341–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41589-024-01612-6.
Li Z, Hu Y, Zheng H, Li M, Liu Y, Feng R, et al. LPCAT1-mediated membrane phospholipid remodelling promotes ferroptosis evasion and tumor growth. Nat Cell Biol. 2024;26:811–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-024-01405-y.
Freitas-Cortez MA, Masrorpour F, Jiang H, Mahmud I, Lu Y, Huang A, et al. Cancer cells avoid ferroptosis induced by immune cells via fatty acid binding proteins. Mol Cancer. 2025;24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-024-02198-2.
Bi J, Khan A, Tang J, Armando AM, Wu S, Zhang W, et al. Targeting glioblastoma signaling and metabolism with a re-purposed brain-penetrant drug. Cell Rep. 2021;37:109957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109957.
Meyer N, Henkel L, Linder B, Zielke S, Tascher G, Trautmann S, et al. Autophagy activation, lipotoxicity and lysosomal membrane permeabilization synergize to promote pimozide- and loperamide-induced glioma cell death. Autophagy. 2021;17:3424–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1874208.
Rao H, Liu C, Wang A, Ma C, Xu Y, Ye T, et al. SETD2 deficiency accelerates sphingomyelin accumulation and promotes the development of renal cancer. Nat Commun. 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43378-w.
Yang L, Hou Y, Du Y-E, Li Q, Zhou F, Li Y, et al. Mirtronic miR-4646-5p promotes gastric cancer metastasis by regulating ABHD16A and metabolite lysophosphatidylserines. Cell Death Differ. 2021;28:2708–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-021-00779-y.
Ng KY, Koo TY, Huang IB, Lee TK, Fong TL, Gao Y, et al. AGPAT4 targeted covalent inhibitor potentiates targeted therapy to overcome cancer cell plasticity in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models. Sci Transl Med. 2025;17:eadn9472. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adn9472.
Qu R, Zhang Y, Kim B, Zeng G, Wang P, Shaoyong W, et al. Microbial riboflavin inhibits ceramide synthase 3 to lower ceramide (d18:1/26:0) and delay colorectal cancer progression. Cell Metab. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.06.002.
Zeng Y, Luo Y, Zhao K, Liu S, Wu K, Wu Y, et al. m6A-mediated induction of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase stimulates cholesterol synthesis and cAMP SIGNALING TO PROMOTE BLADDER CANCER METASTAsis. Cancer Res. 2024;84:3402–18. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-23-3703.
Pan Z, Wang K, Wang X, Jia Z, Yang Y, Duan Y, et al. Cholesterol promotes EGFR-TKIs resistance in NSCLC by inducing EGFR/Src/Erk/SP1 signaling-mediated ERRα re-expression. Mol Cancer. 2022;21:77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-022-01547-3.
Pan Q, Zhong S, Wang H, Wang X, Li N, Li Y, et al. The ZMYND8-regulated mevalonate pathway endows YAP-high intestinal cancer with metabolic vulnerability. Mol Cell. 2021;81:2736–51.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.009.
Zhang Z, Huang H, Chen Z, Yan M, Lu C, Xu Z, et al. Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer through CagA-mediated mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation by targeting CYP11A1 redistribution. Int J Biol Sci. 2024;20:4007–28. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.96425.
He L, Li H, Pan C, Hua Y, Peng J, Zhou Z, et al. Squalene epoxidase promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation through accumulating calcitriol and activating CYP24A1-mediated MAPK signaling. Cancer Commun. 2021;41:726–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12187.
Jun SY, Brown AJ, Chua NK, Yoon JY, Lee JJ, Yang JO, et al. Reduction of Squalene Epoxidase by Cholesterol Accumulation Accelerates Colorectal Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:1194–207. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.009.
Rademaker G, Hernandez GA, Seo Y, Dahal S, Miller-Phillips L, Li AL, et al. PCSK9 drives sterol-dependent metastatic organ choice in pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2025;643:1381–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09017-8.
Li Y, Ran Q, Duan Q, Jin J, Wang Y, Yu L, et al. 7-Dehydrocholesterol dictates ferroptosis sensitivity. Nature. 2024;626:411–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06983-9.
Jin R, Neufeld L, McGaha TL. Linking macrophage metabolism to function in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Cancer. 2025;6:239–52. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-025-00909-2.
Imianowski CJ, Chen Q, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2025;25:703–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-025-00832-9.
Martin-Perez M, Urdiroz-Urricelqui U, Bigas C, Benitah SA. The role of lipids in cancer progression and metastasis. Cell Metab. 2022;34:1675–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.023.
Sun Q, Dong C. Regulators of CD8+ T cell exhaustion. Nat Rev Immunol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-025-01221-x.
Franco F, Jaccard A, Romero P, Yu Y-R, Ho P-C. Metabolic and epigenetic regulation of T-cell exhaustion. Nat Metab. 2020;2:1001–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-020-00280-9.
Nava Lauson CB, Tiberti S, Corsetto PA, Conte F, Tyagi P, Machwirth M, et al. Linoleic acid potentiates CD8+ T cell metabolic fitness and antitumor immunity. Cell Metab. 2023;35:633–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.013.
Hunt EG, Hurst KE, Riesenberg BP, Kennedy AS, Gandy EJ, Andrews AM, et al. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase obstructs CD8+ T cell lipid utilization in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 2024;36:969–83.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.009.
Verma V, Jafarzadeh N, Boi S, Kundu S, Jiang Z, Fan Y, et al. MEK inhibition reprograms CD8+ T lymphocytes into memory stem cells with potent antitumor effects. Nat Immunol. 2021;22:53–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-00818-9.
Hwang S-M, Awasthi D, Jeong J, Sandoval TA, Chae C-S, Ramos Y, et al. Transgelin 2 guards T cell lipid metabolism and antitumour function. Nature. 2024;635:1010–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08071-y.
Dumauthioz N, Tschumi B, Wenes M, Marti B, Wang H, Franco F, et al. Enforced PGC-1α expression promotes CD8 T cell fitness, memory formation and antitumor immunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18:1761–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0365-3.
Zhang C, Yue C, Herrmann A, Song J, Egelston C, Wang T, et al. STAT3 activation-induced fatty acid oxidation in CD8+ T effector cells is critical for obesity-promoted breast tumor growth. Cell Metab. 2020;31:148–61.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.10.013.
Gan Y, Meng D, Lang L, Luo J, Dai P, Chang C, et al. PLA2G16-mediated tetracosatetraenoic acid rewires fatty acid oxidation to impair CD8+ T cell immune function in promoting breast cancer lung metastasis. Adv Sci. 2025:e10224. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202510224.
Ma X, Xiao L, Liu L, Ye L, Su P, Bi E, et al. CD36-mediated ferroptosis dampens intratumoral CD8+ T cell effector function and impairs their antitumor ability. Cell Metab. 2021;33:1001–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.015.
Pretto S, Yu Q, Bourdely P, Trusso Cafarello S, Van Acker HH, Verelst J, et al. A functional single-cell metabolic survey identifies Elovl1 as a target to enhance CD8+ T cell fitness in solid tumors. Nat Metab. 2025;7:508–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-025-01233-w.
Wu J, Qian P, Han Y, Xu C, Xia M, Zhan P, et al. GLP1 alleviates oleic acid-propelled lipocalin-2 generation by tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells to reduce polymorphonuclear MDSC recruitment and enhances viral immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22:282–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-025-01260-3.
Ping Y, Shan J, Qin H, Li F, Qu J, Guo R, et al. PD-1 signaling limits expression of phospholipid phosphatase 1 and promotes intratumoral CD8+ T cell ferroptosis. Immunity. 2024;57:2122–39.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.08.003.
Hu C, Qiao W, Li X, Ning ZK, Liu J, Dalangood S, et al. Tumor-secreted FGF21 acts as an immune suppressor by rewiring cholesterol metabolism of CD8+T cells. Cell Metab. 2024;36:1168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.03.013.
Ma X, Bi E, Lu Y, Su P, Huang C, Liu L, et al. Cholesterol induces CD8+ T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 2019;30:143–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.04.002.
Wang Y, Wilfahrt D, Jonker P, Lontos K, Cai C, Cameron B, et al. Tumor interstitial fluid-enriched phosphoethanolamine suppresses T cell function. Nat Cell Biol. 2025;27:835–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-025-01650-9.
Ma F, Liu X, Zhang Y, Tao Y, Zhao L, Abusalamah H, et al. Tumor extracellular vesicle-derived PD-L1 promotes T cell senescence through lipid metabolism reprogramming. Sci Transl Med. 2025;17:eadm7269. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adm7269.
Yan C, Zheng L, Jiang S, Yang H, Guo J, Jiang LY, et al. Exhaustion-associated cholesterol deficiency dampens the cytotoxic arm of antitumor immunity. Cancer Cell. 2023;41:1276–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.04.016.
Zi R, Shen K, Zheng P, Su X, Yang Y, Chen Y, et al. NPC1L1 on pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell functions as a two-pronged checkpoint against antitumor activity. Innov. 2025;6:100783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100783.
Lu Z, McBrearty N, Chen J, Tomar VS, Zhang H, De Rosa G, et al. ATF3 and CH25H regulate effector trogocytosis and anti-tumor activities of endogenous and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell Metab. 2022;34:1342–58.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.08.007.
Poznanski SM, Singh K, Ritchie TM, Aguiar JA, Fan IY, Portillo AL, et al. Metabolic flexibility determines human NK cell functional fate in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 2021;33:1205–20.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.023.
Michelet X, Dyck L, Hogan A, Loftus RM, Duquette D, Wei K, et al. Metabolic reprogramming of natural killer cells in obesity limits antitumor responses. Nat Immunol. 2018;19:1330–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-018-0251-7.
Kobayashi T, Lam PY, Jiang H, Bednarska K, Gloury R, Murigneux V, et al. Increased lipid metabolism impairs NK cell function and mediates adaptation to the lymphoma environment. Blood. 2020;136:3004–17. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020005602.
O’Brien KL, Finlay DK. Immunometabolism and natural killer cell responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:282–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0139-2.
Chen Y, Sui M. Lipid metabolism in tumor-associated natural killer cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1316:71–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_5.
Delconte RB, Owyong M, Santosa EK, Srpan K, Sheppard S, McGuire TJ, et al. Fasting reshapes tissue-specific niches to improve NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Immunity. 2024;57:1923–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.021.
Jiao D, Sun R, Ren X, Wang Y, Tian P, Wang Y, et al. Lipid accumulation-mediated histone hypoacetylation drives persistent NK cell dysfunction in anti-tumor immunity. Cell Rep. 2023;42:113211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113211.
Zheng X, Hou Z, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Wang X, et al. Tumors evade immune cytotoxicity by altering the surface topology of NK cells. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:802–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01462-9.
Qin WH, Yang ZS, Li M, Chen Y, Zhao XF, Qin YY, et al. High serum levels of cholesterol increase antitumor functions of nature killer cells and reduce growth of liver tumors in mice. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1713–27. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.028.
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lu Y, Sanchez DJ, Li J, Wang L, et al. Region-specific CD16+ neutrophils promote colorectal cancer progression by inhibiting natural killer cells. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2403414. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202403414.
Slattery K, Yao C-H, Mylod E, Scanlan J, Scott B, Crowley JP, et al. Uptake of lipids from ascites drives NK cell metabolic dysfunction in ovarian cancer. Sci Immunol. 2025;10. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.adr4795.
Su P, Wang Q, Bi E, Ma X, Liu L, Yang M, et al. Enhanced lipid accumulation and metabolism are required for the differentiation and activation of tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Res. 2020;80:1438–50. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2994.
Yang P, Qin H, Li Y, Xiao A, Zheng E, Zeng H, et al. CD36-mediated metabolic crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages affects liver metastasis. Nat Commun. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33349-y.
Tang W, Sun G, Ji GW, Feng T, Zhang Q, Cao H, et al. Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas reveals an FABP1-dependent immunosuppressive environment in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2023-007030.
Nian Z, Dou Y, Shen Y, Liu J, Du X, Jiang Y, et al. Interleukin-34-orchestrated tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming is required for tumor immune escape driven by p53 inactivation. Immunity. 2024;57:2344–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.08.015.
Liu S, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Zeng Y, et al. S100A4 enhances protumor macrophage polarization by control of PPAR-γ-dependent induction of fatty acid oxidation. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e002548. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002548.
Yang X, Deng B, Zhao W, Guo Y, Wan Y, Wu Z, et al. FABP5+ lipid-loaded macrophages process tumor-derived unsaturated fatty acid signal to suppress T-cell antitumour immunity. J Hepatol. 2025;82:676–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.09.029.
Sun J, Esplugues E, Bort A, Cardelo MP, Ruz-Maldonado I, Fernández-Tussy P, et al. Fatty acid binding protein 5 suppression attenuates obesity-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by promoting ferroptosis and intratumoral immune rewiring. Nat Metab. 2024;6:741–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-024-01019-6.
Mehta AK, Cheney EM, Hartl CA, Pantelidou C, Oliwa M, Castrillon JA, et al. Targeting immunosuppressive macrophages overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance in BRCA1-associated triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Cancer. 2020;2:66–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-00148-7.
Liu C, Chikina M, Deshpande R, Menk AV, Wang T, Tabib T, et al. Treg cells promote the SREBP1-dependent metabolic fitness of tumor-promoting macrophages via repression of CD8+ T-cell-derived interferon-γ. Immunity. 2019;51:381–97.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2019.06.017.
Di Conza G, Tsai C-H, Gallart-Ayala H, Yu Y-R, Franco F, Zaffalon L, et al. Tumor-induced reshuffling of lipid composition on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane sustains macrophage survival and pro-tumorigenic activity. Nat Immunol. 2021;22:1403–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-01047-4.
Wang Y, Chen W, Qiao S, Zou H, Yu X-J, Yang Y, et al. Lipid droplet accumulation mediates macrophage survival and Treg recruitment via the CCL20/CCR6 axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Mol Immunol. 2024;21:1120–30. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-024-01199-x.
Goossens P, Rodriguez-Vita J, Etzerodt A, Masse M, Rastoin O, Gouirand V, et al. Membrane cholesterol efflux drives tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming and tumor progression. Cell Metab. 2019;29:1376–89.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.02.016.
Liu J, Qu C, Liu Y, Gongye X, Zhang M, Ma T, et al. WDR4 drives tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming and tumor progression via selective translation and membrane cholesterol efflux. Nat Cell Biol. 2025;27:2152–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-025-01815-6.
Kloosterman DJ, Erbani J, Boon M, Farber M, Handgraaf SM, Ando-Kuri M, et al. Macrophage-mediated myelin recycling fuels brain cancer malignancy. Cell. 2024;187:5336–56.e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.030.
Wang S, Yan W, Kong L, Zuo S, Wu J, Zhu C, et al. Oncolytic viruses engineered to enforce cholesterol efflux restore tumor-associated macrophage phagocytosis and anti-tumor immunity in glioblastoma. Nat Commun. 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39683-z.
Ye Z, Ai X, Yang K, Yang Z, Fei F, Liao X, et al. Targeting microglial metabolic rewiring synergizes with immune-checkpoint blockade therapy for glioblastoma. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:974–1001. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-22-0455.
Xiao J, Wang S, Chen L, Ding X, Dang Y, Han M, et al. 25-Hydroxycholesterol regulates lysosome AMP kinase activation and metabolic reprogramming to educate immunosuppressive macrophages. Immunity. 2024;57:1087–104.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.021.
Acharya N, Madi A, Zhang H, Klapholz M, Escobar G, Dulberg S, et al. Endogenous glucocorticoid signaling regulates CD8+ T cell differentiation and development of dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. Immunity. 2020;53:658–71.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.005.
Jin R, Hao J, Yi Y, Yin D, Hua Y, Li X, et al. Dietary fats high in linoleic acids impair antitumor T-cell responses by inducing E-FABP-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Cancer Res. 2021;81:5296–310. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-21-0757.
Hwang S-H, Yang Y, Jung J-H, Kim JW, Kim Y. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase in CD4+ T cells suppresses tumor growth through activation of the CXCR3/CXCL11 axis in CD8+ T cells. Cell Biosci. 2024;14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-024-01308-3.
Mahata B, Pramanik J, Van Der Weyden L, Polanski K, Kar G, Riedel A, et al. Tumors induce de novo steroid biosynthesis in T cells to evade immunity. Nat Commun. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17339-6.
Gong L, Luo J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li S, Fang X, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promote regulatory T-cell development and suppressive activity via CD70-CD27 interaction. Nat Commun. 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37614-6.
Lim SA, Wei J, Nguyen TM, Shi H, Su W, Palacios G, et al. Lipid signaling enforces functional specialization of Treg cells in tumors. Nature. 2021;591:306–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03235-6.
Dhar S, Sarkar T, Bose S, Pati S, Chakraborty D, Roy D, et al. FOXP3 transcriptionally activates fatty acid scavenger receptor CD36 in tumor-induced treg cells. Immunology. 2025;174:296–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.13887.
Wang H, Franco F, Tsui Y-C, Xie X, Trefny MP, Zappasodi R, et al. CD36-mediated metabolic adaptation supports regulatory T cell survival and function in tumors. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:298–308. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0589-5.
Field CS, Baixauli F, Kyle RL, Puleston DJ, Cameron AM, Sanin DE, et al. Mitochondrial integrity regulated by lipid metabolism is a cell-intrinsic checkpoint for Treg suppressive function. Cell Metab. 2020;31:422–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.021.
Zhang M, Cui J, Chen H, Cheng Y, Chen Q, Zong F, et al. Increased SOAT2 expression in aged regulatory T cells is associated with altered cholesterol metabolism and reduced anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun. 2025;16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56002-w.
Li C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Jiang P, Wang J, Li M, et al. Sorafenib enhanced the function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation. Mol Cancer. 2025;24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-025-02238-5.
Zhang Y, Yu S, Yeernuer D, Liu W, Xu Z, Feng W, et al. IL33-induced lipid droplet formation in mature low-density neutrophils drives colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22:1598–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-025-01365-9.
Zeng W, Zhang R, Huang P, Chen M, Chen H, Zeng X, et al. Ferroptotic neutrophils induce immunosuppression and chemoresistance in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2025;85:477–96. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-24-1941.
Kim R, Hashimoto A, Markosyan N, Tyurin VA, Tyurina YY, Kar G, et al. Ferroptosis of tumor neutrophils causes immune suppression in cancer. Nature. 2022;612:338–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05443-0.
Munson PV, Adamik J, Hartmann FJ, Favaro PMB, Ho D, Bendall SC, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acid–bound α-fetoprotein promotes immune suppression by altering human dendritic cell metabolism. Cancer Res. 2023;83:1543–57. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3551.
You Z, Chi H. Lipid metabolism in dendritic cell biology. Immunol Rev. 2023;317:137–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.13215.
Belabed M, Park MD, Blouin CM, Balan S, Moon CY, Freed G, et al. Cholesterol mobilization regulates dendritic cell maturation and the immunogenic response to cancer. Nat Immunol. 2025;26:188–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-02065-8.
Moon CY, Belabed M, Park MD, Mattiuz R, Puleston D, Merad M. Dendritic cell maturation in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2025;25:225–48. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00787-3.
Plebanek MP, Xue Y, Nguyen YV, DeVito NC, Wang X, Holtzhausen A, et al. A lactate-SREBP2 signaling axis drives tolerogenic dendritic cell maturation and promotes cancer progression. Sci Immunol. 2024;9:eadi4191. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.adi4191.
Peng H, Yang M, Feng K, Lv Q, Zhang Y. Semaphorin 3C (Sema3C) reshapes stromal microenvironment to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-024-01887-0.
Hsu W-H, Labella KA, Lin Y, Xu P, Lee R, Hsieh C-E, et al. Oncogenic KRAS drives lipofibrogenesis to promote angiogenesis and colon cancer progression. Cancer Discov. 2023;13:2652–73. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1467.
Niu N, Shen X, Wang Z, Chen Y, Weng Y, Yu F, et al. Tumor cell-intrinsic epigenetic dysregulation shapes cancer-associated fibroblasts heterogeneity to metabolically support pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell. 2024;42:869–84.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2024.03.005.
Zhu G-Q, Tang Z, Huang R, Qu W-F, Fang Y, Yang R, et al. CD36+ cancer-associated fibroblasts provide immunosuppressive microenvironment for hepatocellular carcinoma via secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Cell Discov. 2023;9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41421-023-00529-z.
Dalangood S, Hu C, Yuan C, Li X, Qiao W, Li H, et al. Cancer-associated adipocytes mediate CD8+T-cell dysfunction via FGF21-driven lipolysis. Cell Rep. 2025;44:116526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116526.
Cao L, Sun W, Chen X, Liu L, Zhao S, Liu J, et al. Adipocyte-specific Zeb1 downregulation remodels the tumor-associated adipose microenvironment to facilitate female breast cancer progression. Nat Commun. 2025;16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61088-3.
Li C, Lu Y, Li Y, Liu T, Deng H, Gao M, et al. Liver-breast communication of adipocyte-oriented exosomes drives primary mammary cancer progression. Cell Metab. 2025;37:2402–22.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.08.012.
Liu SC, Tsang NM, Lee PJ, Sui YH, Huang CH, Liu TT. Epstein‒Barr virus induces adipocyte dedifferentiation to modulate the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2021;81:3283–94. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-20-3121.
Lou X, Shi Y, Zhao F, Xu X, Wang Y, Qin Y, et al. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors secrete apolipoprotein E to induce tip endothelial cells that remodel the tumor–stroma ratio and promote cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2025;85:2805–19. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-2528.
Li Y-J, Zhang C, Martincuks A, Herrmann A, Yu H. STAT proteins in cancer: orchestration of metabolism. Nat Rev Cancer. 2023;23:115–34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-022-00537-3.
Ringel AE, Drijvers JM, Baker GJ, Catozzi A, García-Cañaveras JC, Gassaway BM, et al. Obesity shapes metabolism in the tumor microenvironment to suppress anti-tumor immunity. Cell. 2020;183:1848–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.009.
Fu C, Fu W, Huang Z, He X, Wei T, Jin W, et al. Long-chain fatty acid redistribution induced by SLC27A2 deficiency facilitates hypoxic adaptation and immunosuppression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2025;85:4769–86. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-25-1693.
Zhang D, Shi R, Xiang W, Kang X, Tang B, Li C, et al. The AGPAT4/LPA axis in colorectal cancer cells regulates antitumor responses via p38/p65 signaling in macrophages. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5:24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0117-y.
Huang J, Tsang WY, Fang XN, Zhang Y, Luo J, Gong LQ, et al. FASN inhibition decreases MHC-I degradation and synergizes with PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2024;84:855–71. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-23-0966.
Lehmann J, Caduff N, Krzywińska E, Stierli S, Salas-Bastos A, Loos B, et al. Escape from NK cell tumor surveillance by NGFR-induced lipid remodeling in melanoma. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadc8825. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adc8825.
Jiang N, Xie B, Xiao W, Fan M, Xu S, Duan Y, et al. Fatty acid oxidation fuels glioblastoma radioresistance with CD47-mediated immune evasion. Nat Commun. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29137-3.
Sekar D, Dillmann C, Sirait-Fischer E, Fink AF, Zivkovic A, Baum N, et al. Phosphatidylserine synthase PTDSS1 shapes the tumor lipidome to maintain tumor-promoting inflammation. Cancer Res. 2022;82:1617–32. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-20-3870.
Tang R, Zhang Z, Liu X, Liao Y, Chen Y, Xiao M, et al. Stromal stiffness-regulated IGF2BP2 in pancreatic cancer drives immune evasion via sphingomyelin metabolism. Gastroenterology. 2025;169:615–31. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2025.03.019.
Zhan Y, Tian F, Fan W, Li X, Wang X, Zhang H, et al. Targeting piRNA-137463 inhibits tumor progression and boosts sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade via De Novo cholesterol biosynthesis in lung adenocarcinoma. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e2414100. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202414100.
Wang H, Yi X, Qu D, Wang X, Wang H, Zhang H, et al. Tumorous cholesterol biosynthesis curtails anti-tumor immunity by preventing MTOR-TFEB-mediated lysosomal degradation of CD274/PD-L1. Autophagy. 2025:1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2025.2519066.
Lei K, Kurum A, Kaynak M, Bonati L, Han Y, Cencen V, et al. Cancer-cell stiffening via cholesterol depletion enhances adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021;5:1411–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00826-6.
Xu F, Wang Z, Zhang H, Chen J, Wang X, Cui L, et al. Mevalonate blockade in cancer cells triggers CLEC9A+ dendritic cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 2021;81:4514–28. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-20-3977.
Katoh Y, Yaguchi T, Kubo A, Iwata T, Morii K, Kato D, et al. Inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) enhances the antitumor T-cell response through regulating β-catenin signaling in cancer cells and ER stress in T cells and synergizes with anti-PD-1 antibody. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10:e004616. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-004616.
Wang N, Tan H-Y, Lu Y, Chan Y-T, Wang D, Guo W, et al. PIWIL1 governs the crosstalk of cancer cell metabolism and immunosuppressive microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00485-8.
Huang TX, Huang HS, Dong SW, Chen JY, Zhang B, Li HH, et al. ATP6V0A1-dependent cholesterol absorption in colorectal cancer cells triggers immunosuppressive signaling to inactivate memory CD8+ T cells. Nat Commun. 2024;15:5680. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50077-7.
Chu T, Zhu G, Tang Z, Qu W, Yang R, Pan H, et al. Metabolism archetype cancer cells induce protumor TREM2+ macrophages via oxLDL-mediated metabolic interplay in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun. 2025;16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-62132-y.
Dahal A, Hong Y, Mathew JS, Geber A, Eckl S, Renner S, et al. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) promotes immunosuppressive neutrophil differentiation within tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2024;121:e2406748121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2406748121.
Yan J, Zhang C, Xu Y, Huang Z, Ye Q, Qian X, et al. GPR34 is a metabolic immune checkpoint for ILC1-mediated antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol. 2024;25:2057–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-024-01973-z.
Yin J, Kim SS, Choi E, Oh YT, Lin W, Kim T-H, et al. ARS2/MAGL signaling in glioblastoma stem cells promotes self-renewal and M2-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Nat Commun. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16789-2.
Xu L, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Deng X, Ren X, Huang M, et al. FASN-mediated fatty acid biosynthesis remodels immune environment in Clonorchis sinensis infection-related intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2024;81:265–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2024.03.016.
Gao X, Sun Z, Liu X, Luo J, Liang X, Wang H, et al. 127aa encoded by circSpdyA promotes FA synthesis and NK cell repression in breast cancers. Cell Death Differ. 2025;32:416–33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-024-01396-1.
Liang J, Liao J, Chang R, Jia W, Li G, Chen Z, et al. Riplet promotes lipid metabolism changes associated with CD8 T cell exhaustion and anti-PD-1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Immunol. 2025;10:eado3485. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.ado3485.
Yu L, Liebenberg K, Shen Y, Liu F, Xu Z, Hao X, et al. Tumor-derived arachidonic acid reprograms neutrophils to promote immune suppression and therapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Immunity. 2025;58:909–25.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2025.03.002.
Yang J, Yu X, Xiao M, Xu H, Tan Z, Lei Y, et al. Histone lactylation-driven feedback loop modulates cholesterol-linked immunosuppression in pancreatic cancer. Gut. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-334361.
Wen J, Zhang X, Wong CC, Zhang Y, Pan Y, Zhou Y, et al. Targeting squalene epoxidase restores anti-PD-1 efficacy in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2024;73:2023–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331117.
Yang Z, Huo Y, Zhou S, Guo J, Ma X, Li T, et al. Cancer cell-intrinsic XBP1 drives immunosuppressive reprogramming of intratumoral myeloid cells by promoting cholesterol production. Cell Metab. 2022;34:2018–35.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.10.010.
Zhou X, Wang G, Tian C, Du L, Prochownik EV, Li Y. Inhibition of DUSP18 impairs cholesterol biosynthesis and promotes anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun. 2024;15:5851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50138-x.
Bai Y, Li T, Wang Q, You W, Yang H, Xu X, et al. Shaping immune landscape of colorectal cancer by cholesterol metabolites. EMBO Mol Med. 2024;16:334–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44321-023-00015-9.
Kuhlmann-Hogan A, Cordes T, Xu Z, Kuna RS, Traina KA, Robles-Oteíza C, et al. EGFR-driven lung adenocarcinomas co-opt alveolar macrophage metabolism and function to support EGFR signaling and growth. Cancer Discov. 2024:Of1-of22. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-23-0434.
Gong J, Lin Y, Zhang H, Liu C, Cheng Z, Yang X, et al. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism in cancer-associated fibroblasts potentiates migration of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2434-z.
Han X, Burrows M, Kim LC, Xu JP, Vostrejs W, Van Le TN, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts maintain critical pancreatic cancer cell lipid homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Rep. 2024;43:114972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114972.
Wang W, Zhao J, Li T, Fan G, Zhang J, Zheng C, et al. Enzalutamide-resistant STEAP4+ MyoCAF secrete phosphatidylcholine to foster progression by activating stemness in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e10602. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202510602.
Li P, Lu M, Shi J, Gong Z, Hua L, Li Q, et al. Lung mesenchymal cells elicit lipid storage in neutrophils that fuel breast cancer lung metastasis. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:1444–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0783-5.
Gong Z, Li Q, Shi J, Liu ET, Shultz LD, Ren G. Lipid-laden lung mesenchymal cells foster breast cancer metastasis via metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and natural killer cells. Cell Metab. 2022;34:1960–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.003.
Almeida CR, Ferreira BH, Duarte IF. Targeting PCSK9: a promising adjuvant strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Targeted Ther. 2021;6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00530-6.
Liu X, Bao X, Hu M, Chang H, Jiao M, Cheng J, et al. Inhibition of PCSK9 potentiates immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. Nature. 2020;588:693–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2911-7.
Gautam J, Wu J, Lally JSV, McNicol JD, Fayyazi R, Ahmadi E, et al. ACLY inhibition promotes tumor immunity and suppresses liver cancer. Nature. 2025;645:507–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09297-0.
Tzeng SF, Yu YR, Park J, von Renesse J, Hsiao HW, Hsu CH, et al. PLT012, a humanized CD36-blocking antibody, is effective for unleashing antitumor immunity against liver cancer and liver metastasis. Cancer Discov. 2025;15:1676–96. https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.Cd-24-1409.
Zhang S, Peng W, Wang H, Xiang X, Ye L, Wei X, et al. C1q+ tumor-associated macrophages contribute to immunosuppression through fatty acid metabolic reprogramming in malignant pleural effusion. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2023-007441.
Gabitova-Cornell L, Surumbayeva A, Peri S, Franco-Barraza J, Restifo D, Weitz N, et al. Cholesterol pathway inhibition induces TGF-β signaling to promote basal differentiation in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Cell. 2020;38:567–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.015.
Liu PS, Chen YT, Li X, Hsueh PC, Tzeng SF, Chen H, et al. CD40 signal rewires fatty acid and glutamine metabolism for stimulating macrophage anti-tumorigenic functions. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:452–62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01430-3.
Niu C, Wei H, Pan X, Wang Y, Song H, Li C, et al. Foxp3 confers long-term efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells via metabolic reprogramming. Cell Metab. 2025;37:1426–41.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2025.04.008.