A limited series on sport science hosted by student athlete Sophie and featuring two experts: Dr. Christopher Labos, cardiologist and regular co-host of this podcast, and Nick Tiller, who holds a doctorate in exercise physiology. Together, they will answer Sophie’s questions while dispelling myths that athletes—and anybody getting into fitness—are likely to hear.
This is part 3 of 4. The topic: supplements. Which dietary supplements have been proven beneficial through scientific studies? Is caffeine a fat burner? And are supplements even safe to take?
(0:29) Intro
(1:09) Vox pop
(4:28) The 5 or 6 dietary supplements supported by science
(6:20) What outcome are you interested in improving?
(7:32) Will caffeine help you burn fat?
(8:56) The food first approach
(13:28) Chris wants to bench-press 10 lbs, which supplements should he take?
(15:33) The quick fix mentality of supplements
(16:08) Supplements are sometimes contaminated or adulterated
(19:55) How supplements are regulated (or not)
(25:05) Can supplements burn fat?
(29:20) L-carnithine
(30:21) Boosting your immune system with vitamin C
(32:05) Can you boost your metabolism?
Opening music: “Energetic Upbeat” by WinnieTheMoog
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/6033-energetic-upbeat
Licensed under CC BY 4.0: https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
End title music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl.
To contribute to The Body of Evidence, go to our Patreon page at: http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/.
Hi I’m Sophie I’m a student athlete here at Mill University and in this four-part series we are going to look at the myths that surround Sports Science joining me is Christopher labos hello a cardiologist who loves analyzing scientific data and Nick tiller hi everybody an exercise physiologist who
Takes a close look at the sport Science hype this is the body of evidence tackles Sports Science episode 2 recovery all right hi guys today we’re talking about one of my favorite topics in sports science which is recovery um as an athlete I see that people’s recovery routines are highly variable
Some of my teammates take it very seriously and some of my teammates do not I think I definitely fall in the middle I I like to stretch I like to get a lot of sleep uh I like to use my little massage gun but there have been
Points where I am wondering if there’s more that I can do for my recovery and if the things that I do are actually uh effective or if it’s all in my head and it just makes me feel nice after a hard workout there there there’s there’s there’s no shame in feeling good about
Yourself right if you do something because you enjoy it that’s that’s perfectly fine where it becomes problematic is when people start making scientific claims that are just unsupported by the evidence but before we look at the evidence I spoke to my fellow Runners football players and rugby athletes at Migel to know what
They do to recover from sport we uh we have a tradition in rugby that after games you uh no it’s true it’s not like it’s well known like we uh usually go like to the bar with the other team like have a beer and uh yeah we have a social
With both of the teams so I mean I I don’t think it’s it’s not optimal recovery after games I do like a a cycling session or I just go biking like on a stationary bike do some rowing a bit really light intensity to flush out
The like the S as soon as the game is done regard of the score like whether we won won or lost um you know we’re all we’re all together in either in huddle or lines and we’re stretching out to like you know get rid of the the lactic
Acid and things like that um which is like pivotal to I think the start of our recovery um do you use any like at home like rollers the guns lacrosse ball anything yeah I use my ter gun like quite often I always use it before
Practice I have a the gun proud owner I am I don’t I don’t know how much it actually helps but it feels really nice on a tired on a tired set of legs I would say stretching is an important part of my recovery but it does depend
On the week or where we’re at at the training cycle first of all sleep is really really important I’m trying to get 9 hours of sleep that’s for sure eat well go to bed early that’s it I don’t believe in anything else there is a massive effort in our team to stretch
Eat sleep sleep’s the biggest one how often do you take ice baths um I’ll say sometime twice a week sometime once sometime never I been advised to only ice after practice and not on my recovery days and to alternate between ice and heat um contrast tub yeah I
Personally I’m a huge advocate for ice baths um I found they’ve like massive massively helped me um I’ve had a bunch of injuries in the past I muscle ones uh and like my growing recently has been really or go an ice bath 10 minutes I mean it’s Baltic but it is it’s
Brilliant um and it makes a massive difference with your muscles and like the days after right now we are staring at a group of girls from the soccer team who have just finished practice who are waste deep in garbage buckets full of ice water it’s making their legs really
Cold um they’re going to get out and their legs are going to feel really stiff hopefully I’m guessing their intended goal is tomorrow when they show up for practicing again their legs are as fresh as can be for some more pounding on the field right I think the biggest thing
That I’ve been wondering about lately when it comes to recovery is if we’re going to be trying to quantify it what do yeah like what are you measuring what are we what are we measuring when we’re when we’re saying stretching is makes me 10% more recovered than if I didn’t
Stretch and all these little numbers when do they start to matter if it’s 1% increase in again I what numbers are we talking about but how do I know as someone who is very I’m 20 I just started reading literature and and trying to understand how science is done
And how I can how I can make sense of all the data that’s you know given to me um what metrics are we using to quantify recovery smoking mirrors okay well I guess in the literature you can look at data that is subjective and data that’s objective so the objective stuff would
Be the gold standard so if you do a training session and it’s very difficult and you wake up the next day and you have sore muscles which anybody who’s ever gone and done a hard workout they’ll know what that feels like especially after the age of 40 exactly
More often everything hurts but then you can you can take a for example in a lab study you can take a blood sample you can look at measures like CK which is creatine kyes or DH which is lactate dehydrogenase now both of these are markers of muscle breakdown okay so you
Can actually take a blood sample and look very objectively at the state of the muscles and you can determine if a particular recovery intervention is facilitating recovery of the muscle but then you’ve got arguably the more important the the more important measure is the perception the subjective responses because this is what most
People are going to be using on a day-to-day basis most people don’t have access to sport sence sence Labs or clinics right so this would be if your muscles are and whose fault is that Nick whose fault is that that’s my fault if sure ain’t mine I got to blame somebody
I can’t take responsibility for anything but this would be if your muscles are tired if they’re sore if they’re stiff right so you can go and do some kind of performance measure do your very very tough workout and do this the performance measure again and look at
The drop off to see if there’s uh you know some kind of drop off in in in muscle performance and these are the things that most people will be using on a day-to-day basis the problem with that is that is that perceptions can be contaminated by the placebo effect so if
You expect that something’s going to work if you believe that something’s going to work then there’s a very powerful psychobiological effect whereby you will convince yourself that this thing has worked and this is very beneficial but it can get us into a bit of trouble as well yeah right so my
Biggest question always and now that I have neck here and what are the things that are going to be most beneficial for my recovery lots and lots of money okay well definitely having Limitless resources will be beneficial to you the but the reality is most people do not have
Unlimited resources so in in terms of the it’s probably easier to look at the things that that are not particularly effective and we can roll some of those things out and we can talk afterwards about the the actual ways that you can maximize recovery so for example you I
Think some of your friends and colleagues said that they were using ice baths after after hard training now ice baths have been used for a long long time decades in high performance Sport and it all relates back to this idea that if you have some kind of soreness
Or inflammation if you apply an ice pack to it if you have an injury you an injured knee you apply some ice to it and and it’s uh the idea that the ice can reduce the inflammation so of course if you have sore muscles the idea being
That if you immerse yourself in cold water or even ice water then it’s going to reduce the inflammation if you look at the controlled studies on this there is evidence that it will reduce inflammation by very some very very small amount not necessarily more than if you were to take an anti-inflammatory
Or if you were to just do a you know a nice cool down sit on a stationary bike for a little while but actually there’s plenty of good research now in the last couple of years in for example the Journal of physiology which is a very very well respected revered uh
Science-based journal and they found that that actually applying cold water post post training actually inhibits recovery it’s it blunts the muscle protein synthesis it blunts anabolic signaling and these are the things that we generally need in order to help the muscles repair to help the muscles recover and cold water actually blunts
Those signaling Pathways if you were to do a a a heavy training session particularly resistance type session you you get you upregulate muscle protein synthesis you want to make sure that you’re getting enough protein in your diet to help you recover so this is a nutrition-based recovery intervention
And cold water actually blunts muscle protein synthesis so if you actually look at the net benefit it it’s probably going to be negative O overall there’s going to be a net disadvantage to regular ice bothing so I’m just wondering how long it’s going to be for
The science to to you know penetrate the the uh the application yeah I think ice baths are just so popular in the um just general sense like it’s in the the public Consciousness um that it’s going to be it’s going to be a very hard thing to dislodge because people are just so
Used to it right and and you know there there are people who do ice pass as part of their cultural thing like going for like you know these polar bear clubs they go they’re not doing it for any medical reason they just enjoy it it’s a social activity for them and so it’s
It’s become part of our public Consciousness and we tend to self justify a lot of the things we do I have I I will sort of be a nice apologist here for a little bit because I have seen people really sort of uh really disregard the value of ice there is
Still a value in applying ice to an injury right if you fall and you twist your ankle and you put ice on it you will have less swelling and that’s important for being able to get your shoes on and off so I I do see people
Say ice is useless and it it is not useful for many of the things that people think it is useful for but in terms of if you were to fall and hurt yourself and sprain your hand whatever putting ice on it is going to decrease swelling because it does
Decrease inflammation it is useful during the acute phase of illness it’s just not going to be useful for longterm recovery because after a few hours it’s even probably like an hour it’s probably no longer that useful to keep applying ice packs but if you Bonk yourself on
The head and you don’t want to get a bump on your head putting an ice back on there is going to keep that swelling down right and a lot of people use ice BS or cold because they just like the way that it feels they helps them to
Refresh they a lot of people start their day this way and there’s absolutely nothing wrong with that there are there are some indications that it might not be uh particularly good from a from a sort of a cardiovascular perspective increase cardiovascular risk very cold temperatures can be a bit of a quote
Unquote shock to the system so if you’re not used to it and you get in there and you’re going through a stress response and your heart rate shoots up and you have pre-existing heart disease that’s maybe not great uh but I mean again and of course hypothermia that’s still a
Thing right and like especially people who are not used to it who go out like we’re going to go into this Polar Bear Club and they’re out there like why do I why why do I feel numb I’m like oh God I’m developing hypothermia so um hypothermia is definitely a risk so
They’re not great but they’re not treating a disease I don’t think okay that’s good to know that ice baths are detrimental to recovery um there’s a lot of other recovery therapies that have to do with temperature uh I’ve seen cryotherapy get a lot more popular in
Recent years um and is it does it have a similar effect on the body as an ice bath yeah so whole body cryotherapy is this you’ve seen a lot of football players do it but soccer players and American football players do it it’s very popular in basketball as well
Because they have the resources to have their own cryotherapy CH they have exactly they have money to burn and so this is when you basically get in a closet looks like a closet from the future and it’s and it’s filled with uh usually argon and nitrogen gas that’s
Been cooled to very very low temperatures like-2 200° C and you spend somewhere between 2 and 4 minutes in the thing the idea it’s the same idea that being exposed to those cold temperatures can reduce the inflammation it’s been extensively studied and actually it may possibly have a very very small effect
On inflammation but it’s certainly no more effective than than any other way of suppressing inflammation and here’s the key thing is that for it to be in any way effective you have to have multiple daily exposures on multiple consecutive days so for most people this is just not financially viable right and
In Montreal you could just go outside in the winter and be like there you go it’s problem Sol it’s pretty much minus 200 I would say that’s what it feels like not close enough Sophie have you have you ever tried ice bathing or cry therapy yourself have you experienced the
Montreal winter actually first question I have experienced a Montreal winter um wouldn’t recommend it’s not my favorite okay but I I have ice bathed before um I did it a lot more when I was younger when I was like during your during your misspent youth exactly you read my mind
Um and I I actually I’m a combined events athlete and so I do have tath in the summer and so you have two days of competition you have day one and you have four events and you get home and you’re a zombie and then you have to go
To bed and get up for day two to finish the tlon and do three more events and mainly when I would ice bath would be in between those two days um I actually really liked it in in that context because my body just felt horrible and I’m sure it was largely psychological
But it did feel nice to get to get into an ice bath and feel like okay like I’m a bit more awake and now I’m going to go to bed and hopefully tomorrow not like fall over my feet on the track um I know a lot more like my teammates I bath
After hard sessions because there are some coaches that that um support it but I I have heard a lot more recently about contrast baths so getting in an ice bath and then getting in a hot shower or being in the shower and it’s really cold and then it’s really warm and something
About dilating your and constricting your blood vessels and is that more effective than taking an ice bath okay so so the main premise behind this kind of contrast therapy is that and it’s the same with most kind of recovery interventions is that it’s supposed to stimulate blood flow if you stimulate
Circulation then in theory you’re you’re removing metabolic byproducts and waste products that are no good in the muscle and you’re helping to deliver fresh oxygen and nutrients and all this kind of thing to the muscle now you can stimulate Blood Flow by by doing pretty much anything by by just moving by by
Just walking around or by stabbing yourself gives you a compliment and you start blushing you’re going stimulate blood flow to the skin um so and one of the benefits for actually sitting in in a in an ice bath is not the fact that it’s cold but you’re sitting in a body of
Water and the hydrostatic pressure actually compresses the blood vessels to some minor amount and it helps to stimulate blood flow in that way so this is for example the the premise behind compression garments it’s it’s this idea that that you put on these very very tight garments
Uh in Europe Skins are very very popular they’re very very expensive as well and it uses this idea of graduated compression to help stimulate circulation now there are two main claims for using compression garments one of them is that it improves exercise performance the other one is that it can
Promote recovery there is a little bit of data showing that compression tights if you wear full lower body or whole body compression tights might actually facilitate recovery so this kind of thing might be beneficial if for example you do a very very hard training session
Or you do uh a very tough race and then you’re going to for example be traveling back across country so you’re going to be sitting still for the next 6 or eight hours in that kind of scenario it might be worthwhile actually wearing some kind of compression tights because it’s
Better than nothing but in terms of the performance aspect there’s hardly any highquality research showing that wearing these types of garments will improve Exercise capacity or performance there is one clinical situation in which we do use compression uh tights stockings pants a lot and it’s in patients who have heart failure because
To fight leg swelling um what heart failure essentially is is you’re accumulating water and water accumulates in your feet because you know gravity if we could convince people to walk on their hands we wouldn’t have this issue but because people walk upright you know because they insist on bipedalism for
Some reason um all the water accumulates in your legs and your legs swell and you might think like well who cares um it’s a big deal for your legs to be swell your shoes don’t fit it’s actually it can be very painful and so the one thing
I mean we obviously have medication you know to treat heart failure but the one device that does work is compression stockings but the ones that work best are really those full length ones that go from your feet up your legs basically to your hips okay um and they are
Extremely uncomfortable and a lot of people don’t like them but you really do need this full compression in your legs for it to have any real benefit benefit in terms of preventing leg swelling in terms of improving circulation that’s not really what they are for it really is all about
Hydrostatic pressure more than anything else you’re basically squeezing your legs if you can imagine I’m trying to think of a good analogy the B there’s water in your legs and you’re squeezing it so that it doesn’t accumulate your legs and just recirculate redistributes to the rest of your body so they can be
Used but for them to have any real meaningful effect they really do have to be these F length ones um that are going to be very uncomfortable to wear for an extended period of time if you’re going to wear them for a short period of time
Like you know for 2 hours after your race maybe but for people who have to wear them on a daily basis a lot of people are like I just can’t wear them I would rather I’ll live with I can’t do it cuz they’re just they’re so hard to wear especially during the summer
Because they get very very hot yeah okay so compression maybe yeah and I think one one of the things just to look out for when you’re looking at compression either compression garments or compression devices a lot of the time they will say that there’s loads of research to support the
Intervention and to support the claims and then when you go and look at the research they’ll direct you to studies looking at deep vein thrombosis or other kind of clinical interventions designed to mitigate the risk of that and actually they’re they’re selling you some kind of commercial compression sock
That hasn’t actually been studied yeah so in this case they are cherry-picking clinical data to support their claim and there there’s going to be a real mismatch there so that’s just one to look out for um okay well that’s really good to know thank you for clarifying that I personally don’t wear compression
Socks or compression leggings but something that I do do for Recovery almost every single day after a session is stretching um and it’s probably growing up one of the most controversial recovery techniques um some coaches discourage stretching always no matter the context some coaches say oh what’s called Dynamic stretching so you’re not
Static you’re moving and some say not before only after a workout some say only before not after a workout and it’s one of the most confusing topics to think about personally as an athlete because everyone has their own opinion on it and I’m curious what the science says about
Stretching so you you alluded to two types of stretching static and dynamic so the difference very briefly between them as you well know is static stretching is you is when you put your you you lengthen a particular muscle so you hold your InStep and you and you
Stretch your thigh muscle and then you hold it for a period of time maybe 5 10 20 seconds Dynamic stretching is when you take the muscles and Joints through their normal range of motion and it’s it’s an isotonic movement okay so for example you might do stat you might do
Lunges in a in a in a C position you might do a large steps you might do half squats something like that so you’re taking the muscles and Joints through a normal range of motion to warm them up now typically Dynamic stretching is encouraged before exercise because it’s
A good way to warm the muscles up it can take between 10 and 20 minutes to actually get the muscles to an Optimum temperature for performance so actually doing a full comprehensive warmup is really important for Optimal Performance and dynamic stretching can be an important part of that now in terms of
Static stretching it it really depends on the individual and the type of sport that you’re doing because on the one hand having some kind of flexibility in the muscles and Joints will be important for reducing injury risk in certain Sports the flip side of that is if you
Have very very long muscles that that are not very stiff you need a certain amount of stiffness for strength andity and Joint stability and for things like sprinting for power-based movements you need muscles that have that can hold high tenso strength and that can return elastic energy so you you don’t want to
Be overly uh flexible as a sprinter so there’s a balance there if you have tight muscles though you need to try and find a way to relieve the tightness so in that case stretching can be good getting a massage can be good using some
Kind of um massage gun a Thea gun can be beneficial particularly if you if you have damaged muscle that’s that’s developed Scar Tissue what we call trigger point therapy or myofascial release therapy so all of these things can you have to think about this in sort
Of a very very I don’t like using the term holistic because it’s it’s misused but you’ve got to look at this in a very holistic way and it’s going to be different for different people I guess um what is trigger point therapy so trigger point therapy is when you have
It’s it’s usually some kind of uh manipulation usually done as part of Massage Therapy if you have muscles that you’ve put through a lot of use and abuse then and particularly if the muscles are repeatedly damaged either through injury or through through just regular training that’s that’s induced
Some kind of soreness then you can build up scar tissue in the muscle any kind of striated muscle have the same thing skeletal muscle typically the cardiac muscle can can develop fibrosis as well that’s a much that’s a much B bigger problem but skeletal muscle if if you
Start to develop Scar Tissue it can sometimes cause pain it can reduce the contractile properties of the muscles as well and so this is when you you’ll be feeling the muscles you know muscles on your back or chest or even in your leg and you’ll feel kind of little little um
Kind of fibrous lumps in in the muscle and um and these can usually be broken down this is scar tissue that can be broken down by using your Theon by getting a deep tissue massage and if you’ve ever had a sports massage which I’m sure you’ve had they’re not very
Pleasant they’re quite they’re quite painful and they’re sort of supposed to be painful because it’s getting deep into the fascia and breaking down some of the scar tissue it’s not the type of thing you’re getting at a spa when you go for a Valentine’s Day pack abely not
No there’s no there are no aroma therapy oils going on here this is very functional uh very unpleasant but ultimately um and you usually can’t walk very well the next day so certainly you can’t train for 24 to 48 hours but in the longterm this is sort of Good
Housekeeping for the muscles if you are prone to that kind of uh scarring in the muscle okay so my the gun is doing something your the gun is doing something I don’t I don’t think it’s necessarily critical I don’t think it’s something that you have to go out and
Buy but if this is how you choose to keep your muscles in good shape some people like to foam roll some people can just massage themselves some people like to get regular massages from a therapist um however you want to do it that’s up to you okay interesting so stretching
And and massaging aren’t doing the same thing no no not not really no I mean stretching is an interesting thing because it does something again it’s a question of like what is your question and what is your outcome right right is your outcome that I wanted to improve
Sports Performance is your outcome I want to prevent disease is it or injury like what specifically are you looking for and you know I think a Nick alluded to it it’s like you you don’t want your muscles to be too loose but you don’t want them to be too tight and so you
Know yes it’s good to be flexible because if you know because you want to avoid injury right if you’re thinking about avoiding a sprain or all that you want to have some degree of flexibil that when you fall it’s not you know it’s like you know the bigger range of
Motion yeah bigger range of it’s like the sapling that can bend in the wind as opposed to the Oak that stands tall and gets broken by a windstorm right so you want to have some flexibility there but again if you take the general population is regular stretching going to prevent injury
Um it’s hard to say definiely that’s going to be the case maybe for specific people it has and for a lot of people it just makes you feel better right it loosens up the muscles and you feel better about it so again it’s okay to do
Things if they make you feel good is it going to improve Sports Performance is it going to prevent injury that’s a much more equivocal question to ask and yeah I guess that’s when I think about stretching and when I think about massage they fall into the same bin in
My head because both of them you’re working the muscles yes and both of them I perceive to be decreasing my level of soreness so it’s interesting that they are not I never really recognized that they weren’t doing the same thing if that makes sense I’m like stretching and foam
Rolling and massage is almost like interchangeable to me because all of them are probably going to make me feel a little bit less sore tomorrow well I guess you it’s important for us to just describe what’s causing the soreness right so anybody again I said this earlier anybody who’s ever done a hard
Training session they’ll know what it feels like to have sore muscles when this is the case what you’ve actually done is introduced very very small micro tears into the muscle muscle now if you have a major tear then you get injured and you have to take time off and if
It’s really don’t go stretch a torn muscle that’s just making things worse and if it’s really bad then you might even need a surgery if you tear a tendon off the bone for example that’s a major surgery but when you have just generalized soreness you have very very
Small micro tears in the muscle and then it causes some kind of inflammation so this is why the muscles are sore this is why they’re painful and you get this kind of inflammation that’s going on so we’ve got to think about the ways that we can actually help the the muscle to
Recover so we’ve spoken about things like you know ice baring and uh and cryotherapy and stretching but and and compression tights but actually the main components of recovery are you’ve said it already earlier getting good sleep because your body recovers and refreshes when you sleep you get a you get the
Highest growth hormone spur the the highest growth hormone release throughout the day occurs when you sleep and growth hormone as you would expect is really important for the growth and maintenance of muscle tissue uh getting your nutrition sorted particularly getting enough protein carbohydrate as well carbohydrate is important for
Muscle Recovery so interesting is I should eat more Donuts more Donuts uh more protein and again protein doesn’t have to be red meat protein can be chicken and it can be eggs and dairy and nonanimal based protein as well plants have protein too PLS have protein nuts
And seeds and legumes all of this is protein and we need to make sure we’re meeting up our protein demands so make sure you understand what your protein needs are and and just getting rest getting enough rest these are the three main ways that we can facilitate recovery if
You think about all of the other interventions that we’ve spoken about even if they’re effective you might get 2 3 4% percentage points in terms of facilitating recovery but 95 98% of the recovery that you’re going to get will come from sleep and nutrition and so
Those are the big three to focus on I got planter fasciitis uh when I trained for my first marathon and so I asked you know the doctors like what should I do and they were like just stop running like and I like no but what he’s like
Listen to me stop running and get out of my office cuz I have another appointment and and and you know sometimes it just takes a tincture of time and that that’s how you recover recovery means time I’m glad that you phrased it like the 95 and
5% that’s a really nice way to put it in perspective for me because as an athlete and I’m sure even just as a person existing on social media and and consuming content about Fitness there are so many products that I encounter every single day that someone has said has changed their life
Has made them able to run four marathons every single Monday Wednesday Friday like um and it’s hard sometimes to step back and say okay even if this is going to help with my recovery the percentage that it’s going to help is minuscule compared to the things that are going to
Take time like sleeping like making sure you’re putting time and effort into planning your nutrition and just resting um I think it’s important that to be able to think critically because it’s so easy when there’s nice packaging and compression boots look really cool and the guns feel really nice but it’s not
The end all be all and doing all these things for your recovery if you’re neglecting those foundational aspects that we talked about is not going to do anything well ultimately look getting your diet Ship Shape takes time and effort and thought and consideration and research right and a
Personal cook if you’re fortunate enough to have one and getting your sleep means getting your sleep sorted means thinking about your sleep hygiene and getting rest means you maybe periodizing your training a little bit more and that all takes time and effort whereas getting some compression tights you can just
Throw money at the problem buying a supplement you can throw money at the problem getting a sitting in an ice bath is something that takes 10 minutes of unpleasantness but you feel better that you’re that you’re doing what you can to facilitate recovery and we are primed we are hardwired to do absolutely
Everything we can to avoid putting time and effort into obtaining long-term health and wellness But ultimately those are the things that are going to be most effective well thank you so much I can’t wait to continue the psychology discussion later but for now I feel very well informed about what I should be
Doing to recover from my heart training sessions so thanks guys wonderful and we’ll see you next time yep and that’s the end of our show theme music by Joseph Hackle you can find him on band camp as Teflon Joe illustrations by Luke wette to support our show go to body of
Evidence.com out or find us on patreon patrons of our show get a bonus episode each month called digressions our website is body of evidence. the body of evidence is not affiliated with the Migel office for Science and society and is a production of 1254 851 Canada Inc and when trying
To decide if a study is good or not remember the body of evidence Creed a study in mice is not a studying people coincidences are easy proving causation is hard scientific studies are like movies some are just bad we can’t stop at a single study we have to look at the body of Evidence
